INDIA 607 



Brahmans numbered 530, non-Brahman Hindus 492, Mahommedans 173, and native Chris- 

 tians 31. An interesting movement is that for the creation of new universities. The 

 Government has resolved to found one at Dacca in Eastern Bengal, which will probably be 

 followed by others at Rangoon for Burma and at Patna for the new Province of Bihar. 

 Meanwhile the Mahommedans have been collecting large subscriptions in order to raise the 

 Aligarh college to the status of a university, and the Hindus for a college at Benares. 



In this connexion mention may be made of the scheme organised by the Secretary of 

 State for the benefit of Indian students who come over to complete their educationin England. 

 The number of these is estimated at nearly 2,000, of whom 800 are in London. Prof. T. W. 

 Arnold, formerly at Aligarh and Lahore, was appointed in 1909 with the title of educational 

 adviser to superintend an office in Cromwell Road, London, for information, guidance ^and 

 guardianship. The house in Cromwell Road contains bedrooms for students on their arrival, 

 and also provides accommodation for two associations which promote social intercourse. 

 So successful has the scheme been that in 1912 it was found necessary to make the additional 

 appointment of a secretary at the India Office, who will be responsible for making arrange- 

 ments for students in universities &c. outside London. Also a departmental committee 

 was constituted to consider the means by which engineering and other technical students 

 could obtain better facilities in England for practical experience in workshops and factories. 



Political History. 



The " Unrest." Within the brief period of half a dozen years the political surface 

 of India, usually so unruffled, has undergone two changes as sudden and as strange as 

 the burst and the passing away of the annual monsoon. To assign their proper value to 

 all the causes that contributed to provoke the spirit of political and social " unrest " 

 would be a hopeless task. The Japanese victories over Russia, the " partition " of 

 Bengal, racial antipathy, misdirected education, inflammatory publications and preach- 

 ings each played their part. The result was an unexpected outbreak of anarchical 

 crimes such as are really alien to the Indian character, and which could only be met by 

 stern measures of repression. But while these crimes naturally attracted most attention 

 in England, those responsible for the government of the country always recognised, as 

 others can now see plainly, that the deepest and most permanent feeling beneath the 

 " unrest " was a growing self-consciousness of nationality, with an inarticulate cry for 

 greater sympathy in the administration. In 1909, when sedition was at its height, the 

 Imperial Parliament passed an act enlarging the legislative councils by the introduction 

 of an elected element, and also authorising the appointment of an Indian member to 

 the executive councils of Madras, Bombay, and Bengal. The following year, when 

 officials and representatives of the people met in friendly debate and shared in the 

 responsible work of legislation, ushered in a period of appeasement, transfigured into 

 effusive loyalty by the Royal visit. 



Nevertheless, out of regard to historical truth, it is necessary to summarise the chief 

 incidents of the black period. Though it was only in Bengal that sedition and outrage 

 became endemic, under the influence of secret societies and the preaching of a sort of 

 religious anarchism, the first overt signs of trouble were manifested in the Punjab, the 

 recruiting ground of the Indian army, and in the remote south of Madras. The Punjab 

 soon quieted down, after one of the ring-leaders had been deported to Burma, and a 

 real grievance in connexion with the canal colonies had been redressed. In Madras also 

 order was restored by severe punishments on the offenders. Meanwhile, at Poona, in 

 the Bombay Deccan, the Chitpavan Brahmans, of the same caste as the former 

 Peshwa of the Marathas, had long been fomenting disaffection. Their leader, Mr. 

 Tilak, a man of great ability and a Sanskrit scholar, traversed the country to promote the 

 cult of Sivaji, the founder of Maratha nationality. He was responsible for breaking up 

 the National Congress held at Surat in December 1907, when the Extremists definitely 

 separated themselves from the Moderates. After he was sentenced in July 1008 to six 

 years' transportation for sedition, the local agitation suffered a check, but in truth it 

 was only driven underground. In January 1909, the Queen Victoria Memorial at Nag- 

 pur was desecrated by a student of the agricultural college; on November i5th a bomb 

 was thrown at Lord Minto when entering the city of Ahmadabad; and on December 23d 

 Mr. Jackson, magistrate of Nasik. was assassinated. The thrower of the bomb was nev- 



