6i 2 INDIA 



graduated at the Calcutta University with double first class honours, taking Sanskrit 

 as his second language. He then attended the Thomason Civil Engineering College 

 at Rurki for a time; but having attracted the notice of Sir Salar Jung, the great minister 

 of Hyderabad, he came in his suite to England in 1876 and joined the Royal School of 

 Mines, where he passed the examination for the Associateship and was awarded the 

 Murchison medal in geology. At this time he also travelled on the continent, and 

 made himself proficient in French and German. Returning to India in 1879, he served 

 for many years in Hyderabad in the departments of public works, mines and education. 

 In 1892 he went up for the law examination at Calcutta, passing at the top of the list 

 and winning the gold medal. Retiring from service in 1901, he settled with his wife in 

 England, being appointed lecturer in Marathi at Cambridge, and also employed in 

 cataloguing the Delhi collection of Arabic and Persian MSS. in the India Office. In 

 1907, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and then returned to India, to devote 

 himself to work for the Muslim League and the Aligarh College. Among his numerous 

 publications are a monograph on the Book of Kalilah and Dimnah, Notes on the 

 Educational Value of Persian as compared with Sanskrit, and a translation into Urdu of 

 Le Bon's Civilisation des Arabes. 



Yet a third type is represented by VENKATARAMA KRISHNASWAMI AIYAR, C.S.I., a 

 Brahman lawyer, who died on December 28, 1912, at Mylapore, a suburb of Madras, at 

 the age of 48. In 1909 he had been appointed a judge of the High Court and in January 

 1911 a member of the executive council. When attending the Durbar at Delhi his 

 health broke down. Though a supporter of the National Congress and always main- 

 taining very independent views, the esteem in which he was universally held was shown 

 at a public meeting summoned by the Sheriff of Madras, at which the Governor was 

 present, when it was resolved to erect a memorial statue of him. Another memorial is 

 the Sanskrit college which he himself founded at Mylapore. Almost his last words are 

 said to have been: " I want to do something yet for the country. I do hope God will 

 not take me away before I have done it." 



Bibliography. Among recent books on India, the following are specially notable: 

 Indian Unrest, by V. Chirol (1910); Administrative Problems of British India, by J. Chailley 

 (1910); India under Curzon and After, by L. Fraser (1911); Studies in Indian Life and 

 Sentiment, by Sir B. Fuller (1910); India and the Durbar, being a Reprint of the Indian 

 Articles in the Times of May 24, 1911; The Awakening of India, by J. R. Macdonald (1910); 

 Education and Statesmanship in India, by H. R. James (1911); The Renaissance in India: 

 Its Missionary Aspect, by C. F. Andrews (1912); The Economic Transition in India, by Sir 

 T. Morison (1911); Der Heutige Indien, von Prof. Dr. Georg Wegener (Berlin, 1912); The 

 Indian Scene, by J. A. Spender (1912); Narrative of the Visit to India of 1 'heir Majesties King 

 George V and Queen Mary and of the Coronation Durbar held at Delhi, 12 Dec., 191 1, by the 

 Hon. J. Fortescue (1912); The King and Queen in India, 1911-2, by Stanley Reed (Bombay, 

 1912); In Abor Jungles: being an Account of the Abor Expedition, the Mishmi Mission, and 

 the Miri Mission, by Angus Hamilton (1912); On the Track of the Abor, by Powell Millington 

 (1912). (J. S. COTTON.) 



Indian States, Provinces and Cities 



Notes are appended giving recent information on the more important states, prov- 

 inces, and cities, supplementary to the accounts given in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. 

 For convenience of reference they are given in alphabetical order. 



ADEN. The population of Aden in 1911 was 46,165, showing an increase of 5% during 

 the decade. The trade, almost entirely a transit trade, docs not increase, partly owing to 

 troubles in the interior, but also to the development of French and Italian ports in the Red 

 Sea. Aden was the first spot of Indian territory visited by the King and Queen on Novem- 

 ber 27, 1911, when they came ashore for a few hours and received an address from Mr. 

 Cowasji Dinshaw, the leading Parsi merchant. 



AGRA. The population of Agra city in 1911 was 185,449, showing a decrease of 1.4% 

 during the decade. Both the district and the division show still larger decreases. On the 

 occasion of the royal visit to India the Queen spent three days at Agra, including a trip to 

 Fatehpur Sikri, while the King was shooting in Nepal. 



AHMEDABAD. The population of Ahmedabad city in 1911 was 215,835, showing an 

 increase of 16.1 ",', during the decade, which follows upon an increase of 25.3 % during the pre- 

 vious decade. This prosperity is mainly due to its cotton mills, which number 54. The 

 population of the district increased by only 4%. The Arts College, formerly managed by a 



