6t6 INDIA 



Bhaskar Chaubal, an advocate of high standing, who has since been nominated to serve on the 

 Royal Commission to enquire into the civil service. The legislative council, as reconstituted 

 in 1910, contains a majority of non-official members. Of the total of 46, Hindus number 

 20, Mahommedans 7, and Parsis 3. 



See Rural Economy in the Bombay Deccan, by G. Keatinge (1912). 



BUNDI. The population of this native state in 1911 was 218,730, showing an increase of 

 no less than 27.7 % during the decade, due to recovery after famine. In December 1911 the 

 Queen paid a visit to Bundi while the King was shooting in Nepal. There being no railway 

 within the state, she travelled by motor from Ajmer (100 miles). She was hospitably 

 entertained at the capital; and the Maharao, who afterwards came down to Bombay to bid 

 farewell, there received from the King the decoration of G.C.V.O. 



BURMA. The population of the Province of Burma in 1911 was 12,115,217, showing an 

 increase of 15.5 % during the decade; more than double the rate of increase for all India. Of 

 this increase about 53,000 is due to an estimate for tribes on the frontier not formerly includ- 

 ed. It is noteworthy that the number of Chinese has risen from 62,000 to 123,000, of whom 

 only 17,000 are females. 



Burma is happy in the possession of no exciting history. The wave of "unrest" which 

 recently ran through India never reached its borders. Its prosperity depends almost entirely 

 upon rice, and even when the harvest has not been good, this has been compensated by high 

 prices for export. Teak ranks next in importance to rice; and by the extension of working 

 plans over the virgin forests the supply 01 timber is being maintained. In 1910-1, the net 

 revenue of the forest department amounted to 440,000. Petroleum is another valuable 

 product, though the supply of oil is apparently not increasing. The ruby mines cannot be 

 considered a success; but in 1910-1 lead was produced to the value of 168,000, and rich dis- 

 coveries of wolfram have recently been reported. What Burma most needs is an improve- 

 ment in communications, for which purpose it has been proposed to levy a cess upon the rice 

 exported from Rangoon, A line of railway is now being constructed into the Southern Shan 

 States, and a small line has also been opened in the Northern Shan States by the Burma Mines 

 Company. On the northern border, which marches with Chinese territory, occasional raids 

 of Chins, Kachins, and other wild tribes occur; but these have never assumed a serious form. 

 The Shan States are, on the whole, successfully administered by their own Sawbas or chiefs. 



Under the recent reform, Burma has a small legislative council with a majority of non- 

 officials, but the elective system has not been introduced. In a total of 15 members, there 

 are 4 Burmans, one Mahommedan, one Parsi, and one Chinese. 



CALCUTTA. The population of the city of Calcutta proper in 1911 was 896,067, showing 

 an increase of 5.7% during the decade; but if the suburbs and also Howrah on the opposite 

 side of the Hugli be added, the total population would be raised to 1,222,313 and the 

 rate of increase to 10.4%. The increase is entirely among Hindus, Mahommedans and 

 Christians showing an actual fall, while females constitute less than one-third of the total. 



Though the climate does not enjoy a favourable reputation, Calcutta is fortunate in 

 escaping endemic plague. In 1911, the registered death rate was only 27.2 per thousand, 

 as compared with an average of 32 per thousand for the previous five years. The munici- 

 pality has recently completed two large projects for doubling the supply of filtered water and 

 for improving the system of drainage. It has also taken over the lighting of the city, and 

 by-laws have been passed relating to dairies, stables, public buildings and markets. During 

 the past ten years the rateable value has increased by 58% to 2,365,000, while the total 

 debt is 3,222,000. In August 1911 an Act was passed by the Bengal legislative council, 

 constituting an Improvement Trust (similar to that at Bombay) to undertake schemes for 

 clearing congested areas and making street improvements, the cost to be met from an increased 

 duty on property transfers, a terminal tax on passengers, and a cess on jute, with contribu- 

 tions from the municipality and the government. The Port Trust has to provide for a 

 trade that has doubled within the last ten years. The more important works completed or 

 in progress are the extension of docks and sidings, the acquisition and reclamation of land, 

 and the provision of a coal depot, a landing stage, and four ferry steamers. In 1910-1, the 

 receipts amounted to 855,000, while the deot was 5,622,000. Under the stimulus of recent 

 reforms, the Calcutta University has advanced far towards becoming a teaching institution 

 with no less than 49 lecturers and more than 500 students for post-graduate study. The 

 newest college is one founded by Marwaris for commercial education, at a cost of 6o,OOO; 

 while a Hindu lawyer has promised 93,000 for the foundation of a College of Science. 



The visit of the Kingand Queen to Calcutta from December 30, 1911, to January 8, 1912, was 

 even more notable for a popular demonstration of loyalty than the Delhi Durbar. It cannot, 

 however, be disguised that the transfer of the imperial capital to Delhi has been badly re- 

 ceived, especially by the English residents, who will lose not only the attractions of a seasonal 

 court but also the advantage of contact with the heads of the administration. Indians, on 

 the other hand, are glad that Bengal is reunited, and that a civilian Lieutenant-Governor 

 has been replaced by a Governor from England. Apart from a possible fall in house rent, 

 there is no reason to suppose that the material prosperity of Calcutta will suffer. 



CAWNPORE. The population of Cawnpore city in 191 1 was 178,557, showing an apparent 

 decrease of no less than 12%; but plague was raging at the time, and a later enumeration 



