622 INDIA 



States alone the rate of decrease was as high as 4.8 %. In British districts the population 

 was 19,974,956, showing a decrease of 1.7%. It is noteworthy that the number of native 

 Christians has risen from 37,980 to 163,220, mostly Presbyterians. 



The spirit of "unrest," which found its first overt manifestation at Rawalpindi in 1907, 

 died away very rapidly throughout the province, though there is still some friction between 

 Hindus and Mahommedans. In this connexion it may be mentioned that the reforming 

 Hindu sect of the Arya Samaj now number nearly 100,000, compared with only 9,000 males 

 above fifteen who returned themselves as such in 1901. Despite heavy mortality from 

 plague and malaria, the Punjab has enjoyed a large measure of prosperity, owing to the 

 extension of irrigation and a succession of bountiful harvests. In 1910-1, the total area irri- 

 gated from government canals was 6 million acres, showing an increase of more than 400,000 

 acres in two years. The canal colonies are so prosperous that they can afford to hold up their 

 wheat for a favourable price and at the same time to indulge in the luxury of hoarding gold. 

 It is officially stated that 4,000,000 in sovereigns was absorbed by the Punjab during two 

 years. What is known as the Triple Canal Project, on the Upper Jhelum, Upper Chenab, 

 and Lower Bari Doab, is now nearing completion, at a total cost of about 6,500,000. Educa- 

 tion is making steady progress, especially education in English. The Sikhs, the Mahommed- 

 ans, and the Arya Samaj each support an Arts college of their own. In 1910 the percentage 

 of boys of school-going age attending public institutions was 23.3 for Sikhs, 17.7 for Hindus, 

 and 11.3 for Mahommedans. 



In accordance with the reforms of 1909, the legislative council now consists of 24 members, 

 of whom only 5 are elected. Of the total, 6 are Mahommedans, 5 Hindus or Sikhs, and one 

 a Parsi. The Land Alienation Act of 1900, designed to protect hereditary land-owning tribes 

 from expropriation by money lenders, has been extended to certain small tribes who are really 

 agriculturists; and it is believed that the old land-owners are now recovering part of what 

 formerly passed out of their hands. Tenants in the canal colonies have been encouraged to 

 purchase hereditary rights in their holdings. An Agricultural College was opened at Lyall- 

 pur in December 1910. See The Industrial Punjab, by A. Latin (1911). 



RAJPUTANA. The total population of the Rajputana Agency in 1911 was 10,530,432, 

 showing an increase of 6.9 % during the decade, due to recovery after famine. For the 

 more important states, some of which were visited by the Queen in December, 1911, see 

 Bikaner, Bharatpur, Bundi, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kotah and Udaipur. 



RAMPUR. The population of this native State in 1911 was 531,217, showing a decrease 

 of .4% during the decade. The population of Rampur city was 74,316, showing a decrease 

 of 5.6%. As A.D.C. to the King, the Nawab was a conspicuous figure at the Delhi Durbar, 

 when he was created G.C.V.O. He has recently converted six companies of infantry into 

 Imperial Service troops. Though a Pathan, he is a Shiah, and is honoured as the head of 

 that Mahommedan sect in Northern India. Large sums have been spent on the improvement 

 of the capital, old mud houses and shops having been replaced by brick, while a new brick 

 fort full of palaces has a circumference of nearly a mile. The library of Oriental MSS. has 

 few superiors, and there is a large collection of pictures by European artists. A new sugar 

 factory and distillery yield large profits, and the finances of the state are satisfactory. 



RANGOON. The population of Rangoon city, which forms a district by itself, was 293,316 

 in 1911, showing an increase of 19.5% during the decade. In recent years the city has been 

 almost reconstructed, partly by land reclamation and partly by rebuilding. In 1911, the 

 total debt of the municipality was 1,245,000, of which 403,000 was due to reclamation 

 works. The incidence 01 direct taxation was 135. per head. A new pumping station was 

 completed. Rangoon now almost monopolises the trade of Burma, and conducts about 8 % 

 of the whole foreign trade of India. In 1910 the Port Commissioners, who found themselves 

 in art embarrassed position, resolved to derive their revenue in future mainly from port and 

 river dues, instead of from landing, shipping and warehousing charges. Their chief task is 

 the construction of river training works, on which the welfare of the port must depend. 

 In 1911, the debt amounted to 1,634,000. Within the last ten years the revenue has 

 increased from 100,000 to 225,000. A local company with European directors, called 

 the Bank of Burma, failed disastrously in 1912, and a public prosecution has been ordered. 



REWA. The population of the Baghelkhand Agency (almost co-extensive with Rewa 

 state) was 1,772,574 in 1911, showing an increase of 14.1 % during the decade. The eldest 

 son of the Maharaja acted as one of the pages of honour at the Delhi Durbar. 



SANDUR.' The population of this native State in 1911 was 13,526, showing a,n increase 

 of 20.8 % during the decade. The Raja, who is a minor, is being educated in the Court of 

 Wards College in Madras. In 1909-10 the export of manganese ore from this little state by 

 the General Sandur Mining Company reached 60,000 tons. 



SIKKIM. The population of this protected State in 191 1 was 87,920, showing an apparent 

 increase of 49 % during the decade, following after an increase of 94 % in the previous decade. 

 The Maharaja, in his quasi-Tibctan dress, was a conspicuous figure? at the Delhi Durbar, 

 on which occasion he was created K.C.I.E. Both he and his son (educated at Oxford) take 

 an active interest in extending education. 



SIRMUR (or Nahan). The population of this native State in 1911 was 138,520, showing 



