CEYLON 623 



an increase of 2.1 % during the decade. The Raja died on July 4, 1911, and has been succeed- 

 ed by his son, Amar Parkash. 



TONK. The population of this native State in 1911 was 303,081, showing an increase 

 of 10.9 % during the decade, due to recovery after famine. 



TRAVANCORE. The population of this native State in 1911 was 3,428,975, showing an 

 increase of 16.2 % during the decade, which follows upon an increase of 15.4%. No further 

 evidence is necessary to prove the extraordinary prosperity of the state, which is likewise 

 indicated by the high standard of education; but it is noteworthy that native Christians have 

 increased faster than the general population, and now number more than one-fourth of the 

 total. The revenue has reached 780,000, and the value of the exports 3,658,000. In 

 August 1912 the Kodyar irrigation works were opened, constructed at a cost of 70 lakhs to 

 irrigate about 70,000 acres; the area of the reservoir will ultimately be 7 sq. m. 



UDAIPUR (or Mewar). The population of this native State in 191 1, was 1,293,776, show- 

 ing an increase of 25.6 % during the decade, due to recovery after famine. At the Delhi 

 Durbar the Maharana, as recognised first in rank of all Rajput princes, was appointed to the 

 dignity of ruling chief in waiting on the King-Emperor, and was created G.C.I.E. 



UNITED PROVINCES. The total population of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 

 in 1911, was 48,014,080, showing a decrease of I % during the decade, due to the prevalence 

 of plague and malaria. The native state of Tehri-Garhwal alone showed an increase of 12 %. 

 In British territory the population was 47,182,044, the rate of decrease being .7% in Agra 

 and 2.1 % in Oudh. It is noteworthy that the number of native Christians has risen from 

 37,980 to 163,220, mostly Methodists. 



The province has been happy in escaping almost entirely from the "unrest." This 

 may be ascribed mainly to the efficiency of the local administration, under two popular 

 Lieutenant-Governors. There is, indeed, some friction between Hindus and Mahommedans; 

 and the numbers of the Arya Samaj, or reforming Hindu sect, have increased in ten years from 

 65,000 to 131,000. The prosperous condition of the people is proved by their rapid recovery 

 from the famine of 1907-8. Relief was so efficiently administered that deaths from starva- 

 tion were practically unknown, and the large sums then advanced for agricultural improve- 

 ments were quickly repaid. Harvests have since been generally good. Irrigation has been 

 extended through the precarious tract of Bundelkhand, and a comprehensive scheme is now 

 under consideration to supplement the system of canals that take their water from the 

 Ganges and the Jumna by diverting the overflow of the Sarda river in Oudh. The exhibi- 

 tion at Allahabad during the winter of 1910-1 was the means of popularising labour-saving 

 implements and machinery for sugar making, and an agricultural college has recently been 

 opened at Cawnpore. Special attention has also been paid to technical education and the 

 encouragement of industries. It must, however, be admitted that the United Provinces 

 still lag behind in the matter of primary instruction. 



In accordance with the reforms of 1909, the legislative council now consists of 48 members, 

 of whom 1 8 are Hindus and 9 Mahommedans. One of its most important measures has been 

 a Court of Wards Act, for the disqualification of spendthrifts. Sir J. P. Hewett, whose term 

 of office was marked by friendly cooperation with Indian sentiment, was succeeded as 

 Lieutenant-Governor by Sir J. S. Meston in September 1912. It was understood that an 

 executive council with an Indian member, as in Behar and Orissa, would shortly be given to 

 the United Provinces. (J. S. COTTON.) 



CEYLON i 



The population of Ceylon in 1911 (census, March 10), inclusive of military and shipping, 

 was 4,109,470, as compared with 3,578,333 in 1901, an increase of 531,137, or nearly 15%. 

 The figures for the nine provinces of the island were as follows: 



Provinces. Population. Increase Provinces. Population. Increase 



per cent. per cent. 



"i': ; ;- 1,110,393 18.84 North Western . 433,958 21.86 



'; ! . ; 671,806 7.76 North Central- 'p' 86,269 8.94 



' f: ~'?:'.y 369,654 8.65 Uva ;; . ."\ r "'- 1 ' ; 216,655 16.42 



;. 'i'- li; .''. 628,491 10.89 Sabaragamuwa . 408,524 26.97 



1 .-;..'. 183,720 6.02 



A feature of the decade was the movement of population into the towns. . Colombo with 

 its_ population of 211,284 increased by 32.5% and Kandy with 29,928 by 25.82%. Newara 

 Eliya, the health resort, with 7,412, shows an increase of 36,43%. The only town of any 

 importance showing a decrease of population is Trincomalie, where the naval yard has been 

 closed and the military garrison taken away. There has been a satisfactory increase of 21 % 

 in the number of Europeans, who are now twice as numerous as in 1871. Of the native races 

 the low Country Sinhalese show the highest percentage, 18.7, of increase. The Moors show 

 16.8, the Kandyans 14.2, the Tamils 11.3, and the Malays 9.9. There has been an in- 

 crease in the number of Buddhists and Christians and a decrease in that of Hindus. In 

 1901 there were 8,806 females to 1 0,000 males, and in 1911, 8,878. 

 !See E. B.v, 780. 



