628 BRITISH MALAYA 



line (luring the year. The Court has under consideration a scheme for the construction.of 

 roads to supersede the present bridle-paths. There is a regular weekly service of steamers 

 between Singapore and North Borneo ports. It is also hoped to arrange a weekly service 

 between Hongkong and Sandakan in place of the present uncertain fortnightly service. 

 Other schemes are for the reclamation of land at Jesselton, the improvement of its wharf 

 and pier, the provision of adequate water supplies for that port and for Sandakan, and the 

 lighting of the coast. There are about 800 miles of telegraph lines. Their maintenance is 

 costly and the Court has decided to erect wireless installations at various points. 



The revenue was 247,599 in 1910, and 180,646 in 1911 ; the expenditure 95,107 in 1910, 

 and 96,745 in 1911. The revenue for 1910 included 60,000 derived from concessions, 

 16,792 from land sales, 13,593 from railway receipts, 54,257 from customs, and 39,587 

 from excise and licences; while the expenditure included 17,180 for railway working expenses 

 and 13,647 for constabulary. In 1911 customs brought in 59,005, excise farms and 

 licences, 43,135, and railway receipts 17,040; there was no income from concessions and 

 n 'y 397 from land sales. The railway working expenses amounted to 20,125, an d the 

 cost of constabulary had fallen to 9,816. 



Following the policy of the Straits Settlements, the British North Borneo Company has 

 created an Opium Monopoly Department as from January I, 1913. 



The total volume of trade in 1910 was valued at 981,000 and in 1911 at i, 101,000, an 

 increase of 120,000. Out of 47 headings 39 showed increases in 1911. Estate rubber 

 heads the list, 149,000 Ibs. exported being valued at 41,096, as compared with 54,000 Ibs. 

 and a value of 22,866 in 1910. Successive years should show a large increase as more 

 estates come into bearing, but as cultivated rubber is free of export duty for another 43 years 

 this item does not affect the revenue. At the end of July 1912, out of 30 companies oper- 

 ating in the territory, the majority were engaged in rubber growing, while others are engaged 

 in coco-nut and tobacco cultivation. There were upwards of 23,000 acres under rubber. 

 One company had a crop of 280,410 coco-nuts in 1911, and the export of copra was 1,183,866 

 Ibs. against 1,034,533 Ibs. in 1910. The output of tobacco was 13,750 bales as compared 

 with 13,508 bales in 1910. The export of timber amounted to 1,311,539 cubic feet against 

 1,218,967 cubic feet in 1910. The British Borneo and Burmah Petroleum Syndicate have 

 acquired a large tract in the Klias peninsula, where they had located an oil-field. Following 

 upon this discovery, they have taken up on lease 440 square miles of territory, and are pros- 

 pecting extensive areas. The output of coal in 1911 amounted to 38,920 tons. The Cowie 

 Harbour Coal Company have satisfied the Court of Directors that the collieries are at present 

 sufficiently developed to yield up to 500 tons of coal a day, provided that labour is avail- 

 ble and some expenditure incurred to put the surface coal-handling arrangements in order. 



Brunei. 1 The census of 1911 shows 6,380 males, 7,193 adult females, 4,139 male, and 

 3,986 female children, with a total of 21,718. Of these 20 were Europeans and 736 Chinese. 

 The only town of any size, Brunei or Dar-ul-Salam (city of peace), has a population of 9,767, 

 including 8 Europeans. It is composed of houses built in the river on nibong piles. With 

 the establishment of peace and order the natives are gradually learning the advantages of 

 cultivation and are migrating to terra firma. At Muara Damit (Brooketon), leased to Raja 

 Brooke, where there is a colliery, there is a settlement of 1 ,447 persons. Since the appoint- 

 ment of a resident British official, the common people have shown eagerness to take up land, 

 and plant coco-nuts. The wild rubber tree, Jelutong (Dyera costulata), is common and is 

 worked for export. Land suitable for cultivation of Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is 

 alienated by the government at an extremely low rental, and several European companies 

 have taken out grants, and are proceeding with planting. At Brunei Town, the Island 

 Trading Syndicate has its cutch factory, employing several hundreds of hands. The value 

 of the cutch exported in 1911 amounted to $262,216. 



Coal is worked on Berembang and at Raja Brooke's Brooketon collieries. The gross 

 output of coal from these collieries in 1910 was 18,418 tons and in 1911 25,607 tons. 



The principal imports are piece goods, tobacco, kerosene and sugar. The main exports 

 are cutcn, sago, hides and jungle produce of various kinds. The imports at Brunei Town 

 amounted to goods of a declared value of $70,000 in 1909 and of $82,000 in 1910. The exports 

 from Brunei Town for the same years reached a value of $237,000 and $246,000. 



That oil in payable quantities is to be found in Brunei can no longer be doubted. Bores 

 are being sunk at Jenidong and in the Belait District, with every hope of success. Prospect- 

 ing leases are granted on exceptionally easy terms. 



Revenue (1911) $261,865; expenditure, $247,930. There is a public debt of $400,000, 

 and the state has investments to its credit of a capitalised value of 5444,744. 



Federated Malay States. 2 Each year witnesses a steady growth in the progress and 

 prosperity of the Federated Malay States. In 191 1, though the output of tin was not greatly 

 in excess of 1910, the enhanced value brought benefit, while the rapid expansion of the 

 plantation rubber industry is reflected in the statistics of the various departments. The de- 

 mands for labour in the mines and on the plantations have hampered to some extent the 

 development of public works; but much has been done to construct new roads and 



1 See E. B. iv, 68 1, * See E. B. xvii, 478 et seq. 



