BRITISH MALAYA 629 



waterworks, to extend the railway system, to improve the harbours and to carry out other 

 public works necessitated by the expansion of commerce and the growth of industries. 



In 1912 Benker Semang, a small tract of territory, 20 miles square, between the states 

 of Kedah and Perak, was formally transferred from Kedah to the latter state. 



Between 1901 and 1911 the population of the Federated Malay States increased by 

 358,404 persons, or 52.8 per cent. In the latter years of the decade, the extension of rubber 

 planting was very rapid and labour was introduced to meet the demands of the numerous 

 new estates. Towards the end of 1907 there began a slump in the tin-mining industry. The 

 closing down of many of the lower grade mines threw numbers of Chinese out of employment, 

 and led to much emigration. But the slump in the mining industry was well over before the 

 last census was taken and the tide of immigration had set in with augmented force owing to 

 the increased demand for Chinese labour on rubber estates. A comparison of the popula- 

 tion enumerated in the censuses of 1891, 1901 and 1911 shows the remarkable increase from 

 418,509 in 1891 to 678,595 in 1901 and then to 1,036,999 in 1911. Of the latter total, 725,062 

 were males and 311,937 females. The races represented were as follows: Europeans 3,284, 

 Eurasians 2,649, Malays 420,840, Chinese 433,244, Indians 172,465, others 4,517. The 

 religions professed were: Mahommedan 406,860, Hindu 140,068, Christian 22,902, Sikh 

 7,406, other non-Christian religions 420,381, not fc r iven 12,164. In 1911 there were 108,471 

 Indian immigrants (the highest number 'recorded) against 83,723 in 1910. The excess of 

 Chinese immigrants over emigrants in 1911 was 38,033 against 7,794 in 1910. 



The total amount spent by the Education Department in 1911 was $330,563. Schools 

 increased from 356 in 1910 to 369, with an average enrolment of 22,566 pupils (19,585 boys, 

 2,981 girls) and an average attendance of 18,384. At the English schools 3,171 boys and 

 909 girls were in average attendance. 



Throughout the year the battalion of Malay States Guides was kept up at full strength 

 of 895, mainly Sikhs, Pathans and Mahommedans. The rank and file of the Malay States 

 Volunteer Rifles, composed of Europeans, numbered 578. The police force was 2,882. 



Revenue (1911) $35,056,544; expenditure $25,292,749. The largest amounts collected 

 were: customs $11,313,173, licences and excise $9,574,437, railways $7,039,789, land 

 $1,771,317, interest $1,383,981, municipal $1,183,760, land sales $519,646. 



The actual Federal revenue (as distinct from the whole Federated Malay States revenue) 

 was $9,568,590, an increase of $1,466,885 over that of 1910, of which railway revenue con- 

 tributed $1,043,140. The Federal expenditure was $15,144,696, an increase of $1,993,771 

 over that of 1910, of which $7,550,513 was spent on railway account. The balance to the 

 credit of the Federated Malay States is now $52,537,647. 



Rubber is now the principal agricultural product. The number of estates increased in 

 1911 to 700 against 435 in 1910; the labour force to 166,015 from 128,446; and the output to 

 21,809,617 Ibs. from 12,563,220 Ibs. For the first eleven months of 1912 the output was 

 31,024,086 Ibs. Copra exports in 1911 reached approximately 8,000 tons, the value being 

 $ii553iOOO. It was a bad year for padi; the acreage under cultivation shrinking from 

 119,224 in 1910 to 103,278 in 1911. The output was 3,313,437 bushels. The following 

 statistics show the agricultural acreages in 1911, exclusive of padi and horticulture: rubber 

 352,974- coco-nuts 142,774; coffee 11,313; other cultivations 18,751. 153 square miles were 

 added to reserved forests, bringing the total area reserved to 1,161 square miles out of a total 

 area of 27,750 square miles. It was a prosperous year for mining owing to the high average 

 price for tin. From all sources the revenue of the Mines Department was $9,416,779 against 

 $7,753,143 in 1910. Of this amount $8,818,764 was on account of the export duty on tin 

 and tin-ore against $7,162,026 in 1910. The output of tin was 44,149 tons in 1911, and the 

 value $69,645,466 against $57,116,989 in 1910. The total labour force in mines was 196,427 

 against 170,361 in 1910. The output of wolfram was 88 tons, of a value of $84,500 in 1911, 

 against a value of $47,400 in 1910. There was a falling off in gold production, the output 

 being 9,228 ounces, valued at $306,514, against 16,767 ounces in 1910, valued at $574,868. 



In the states of Perak, Selangor and Negri Sembilan, 3,890 fishermen were employed in 

 1911 on the fisheries compared with 3,765 in 1910. 



Again there was an increase of trade on the record for 1910, the aggregate value, including 

 bullion and specie, being $182,812,966, against $156,107,141 in 1910. The leading exports 

 were: coffee $302,608; rice $752,973; sugar $235,343; gambier $241,413; tapioca $312,286; 

 copra $1,294,301; Para rubber $39,931, 123; tin and tin-ore $69, 756, 2 15 (total $116,280,927). 



The number of vessels, exclusive of native craft, entered and cleared in 1911 was 9,667, 

 with a tonnage of 3,870,329, compared with 9,014 and 3,504,667 in 1910. 



The provision of means of communication with a view to the development of the natural 

 resources of the country has been a consistent policy of the Federal Government, and in 

 addition to the construction of new roads, every year sees an improvement in roads already 

 existing. At the end of 1911. the lengths of roads and paths were: Metalled cart-roads, 

 1,988 miles; unmetalled, 234 miles; bridle roads and paths, 1,542 miles. New roadways are 

 under construction in all the states. The total mileage of railway open to traffic at the end 

 of 1911 was 560, an addition of 20 miles during the year, the capital account for railway and 

 motor services being 6,383,200, or 340,074 more than in 1910. 



