BRITISH MALAYA 631 



a tonnage of 1,673,067, against 1,503,510^ 1910. Altogether there entered 1,335 of coasting 

 merchant vessels during the year with a tonnage of 1,422,741. All but six were British. 



During 1911 22 miles of new roads were added to the state. 



Sanitary Boards deal with such municipal affairs as roads and bridges, lighting, sewage 

 and registration of vehicles at Kuala Lumpur, Klang and four other towns; and in April 

 1911 an Advisory Board was appointed for Port Swettenham, one of the members being 

 nominated by the Selangor Chamber of Commerce. 



In 1911 the Volunteers became a Federal force. Selangor contributed two companies 

 totalling 209 officers and men. 



The rainfall in 1911 ranged from 79.37 inches at Kuala Lumpur to 111.26 at Kuala Kubu. 



In Negri Sembilan, out of a population of 130,199 (87,651 males, 42,548 females), 

 there were 403 Europeans, 69,745 Malays, 40,843 Chinese, and 18,248 Indians in 1911. 

 There were 69,330 Mahommedans, 15,700 Hindus, arid 2,212 Christians. On 89 estates 

 26,688 persons were employed, and in mining 9,657. The birth rate was 23.5 per mille, and 

 the death rate 73.6 per mille. 



The police force included 369 of all ranks. 



In the 65 schools, 3,893 pupils were enrolled as compared with 4,253 in 1910. Of the 

 schools 59 were for Malay boys and 3 for Malay girls; there were 2 English-teaching schools 

 and I Tamil school. There is a growing desire amongst the Malays for English education. 



A company of Volunteers was raised for the Federal battalion in 1911, and 108 officers 

 and men were enrolled. 



Revenue (1911) $2,512,002; expenditure $1,768,733. Land revenue amounted to $295,- 

 989 against $272,578 in 1910; and the new Chandu Monopoly Department collected 

 $837,644 against the $349,969 derived from the spirit and opium farms in 1910. 



The balance of assets at the credit of the state amounts to $1,471,644. 



Rubber leads in agricultural produce, with 151 estates and a planted area of 75,356 acres. 

 The output in 191 1 was 4,297,715 Ibs. To rice 48,306 acres were devoted, to coco-nuts 19,584 

 and to gambier 15,049. There is a tendency to abandon rice and gambier cultivation in fa- 

 vour of rubber and coco-nuts. The rice crop was a failure in 1911. There were 239 sq. miles 

 of forest reserves. The total acreage of mining land was 22,837. 



Imports (1911) $4,630,404; exports $8,419,046. These figures, however, are no true index 

 to the total trade of the state, as much of the merchandise produced and consumed in the 

 state is imported via Selangor. On the export side rubber was valued at $5,039,968; gambier, 

 $168,457, and tin an( 3 tin-ore, $750,108. 



The number of vessels cleared at the ports (exclusive of native craft) was 1,328, with a 

 tonnage of 363,362, against 1,548 and 496,380 respectively in 1910. 



The rainfall in 1911 ranged from 64.35 inches at Jelebu to 96.50 at Port Dickson. 



In Pahang the population was 118,708 in 1911 (72,234 males and 46, 474 females). Of 

 these 137 were Europeans, 87,109 Malays, 24,287 Chinese, and 6,611 Indians. There were 

 509 Christians, 77,900 Mahommedans, 4,440 Hindus, and 967 Sikhs. Aborigines numbered 

 10,213. With the smallest population of the four states Pahang has the highest birth 

 rate and the lowest death rate. It is the only state in which the birth rate exceeds the 

 death rate. The birth rate, per mille, was 27.13 and the death rate 26.40. 



The police strength is 384.. 



The country is being opened up steadily by the extension of the road and railway sys- 

 tems. 20 miles of new trunk railway through the eastern states were opened on the Gemas- 

 Kuala Semantan section between Triang and Semantan, 34! miles of the permanent way 

 laid from Semantan to Kuala Tembiling, and progress made with the extension into Kelan- 

 tan. Out of 173 miles of telegraph lines in course of construction, 125 miles were completed. 



Revenue (1911) $1,133,307; expenditure $1,647,102. The state debt stands at $9,201,- 

 749. Revenue from the new Chandu Monopoly Department amounted to $335,595. 



The acreage alienated for agriculture amounted to 117,945, DU t the acreage planted was 

 only as follows: Coco-nuts, 16,715; rice, 8,201; rubber (31 estates), 7,715; tapioca, 500; 

 coffee, 97. There were 31,144 Ibs. of rubber exported. The live stock comprised 28,348 

 buffalos and 3,274 cattle, being 340 buffalos and 458 cattle fewer than in 1910. Forest 

 reserves amounted to 106,208 acres. For mining, 44,439 acres were alienated. 



Imports (1911) $2,277,768; exports $4,890,639. Among the exports, tin and tin-ore ac- 

 counted for $4,129,974; dried fish, $174,817; rattans, $54,008; getah grip,, $47,192; rubber, 

 $28,319; tapioca, $24,645, and copra, $17,185. 



Rainfall in 1911 ranged from 81.20 inches at Temerloh to 153.14 at Sungei Lembing. 



NON-FEDERATED STATES. 1 Johore. 2 Great progress has to be reported since the Sultan 

 obtained the services of a General Adviser from the Governor of the Straits Settlements in 

 his capacity of High Commissioner to the Malay States. Mr. Douglas Campbell, C. M. G., 

 was lent by the Federated Malay States in 1909, and several officers were also seconded from 

 the same service to organise and conduct government departments. Legislation was at 

 once introduced, and the outcome is increased prosperity in the finances of Johore, while vast 

 improvements are reported in administration, the opening up of roads and other means of 



1 See E. B. xvii, 482 el seq. 2 See E. B. xv, 475. 



