6 3 * BRITISH MALAYA 



communication and increased cultivation. A trigonometrical survey of the country is in 

 progress, road and railway extensions are being carried out, and newly-created Town Boards 

 in Johore Bahru, Bandar Maharani and Penggaram (Batu Pahat), have been able to effect 

 improvements in sanitation, etc. 



The census of 1911 showed a population of 180,412 (122,129 males, 58,283 females). Of 

 these 205 were Europeans (161 British), 71,315 Malays, 63,405 Chinese, 30,904 Japanese, 

 and 5,659 Indians. By religion, 110,939 were Mahommedans, 843 Christians, 847 Pagans, 

 251 Buddhists, and 4,455 Hindus. The capital, Johore Bahru, has 22,636 inhabitants. 

 Malarial fever was rife in igioand 1911, and in 1911 there was a severe outbreak of smallpox. 

 Two government vaccinators have been appointed and are doing good work. 



As yet little attention has been devoted to mining in Johore, which is largely covered 

 by jungle, but in 1911 276 tons of tin were exported. Under the new Land Enactment, 

 grants of land are now made in perpetuity on conditions similar to those in force in the Fed- 

 erated Malay States. Gambier, pepper and tapioca are going out of cultivation. Coco-nuts 

 and areca nuts are greatly favoured by Malay and Javanese agriculturists, and the export 

 value of these crops in 1910 was 2,150,000. The area under rubber at the end of 191 1 was 

 75,205 acres, and the export of rubber in that year amounted to 1,244,500 Ibs., against 

 613,600 Ibs. in 1910. The total area leased, mostly by rubber companies, is 281,900 acres, 

 and a large amount of land is taken up by Japanese. Most exports pay a specific export duty. 

 Rubber and coco-nuts, however, if grown on land held on a title on which annual rent is 

 reserved to the state pay 2^ per cent ad valorem; if otherwise, 5 per cent. 



Revenue (1911) 3,954,901; expenditure $3,469, 571. The expenditure for 1911 includes 

 the repayment of $500,000 of the capital sum lent by the Federated Malay States on 

 account of the Johore State Railway. The Public Debt is $11,168,578, representing capital 

 outlay on the State Railway. 



The railway through the state, connecting Singapore with the Federated Malay States 

 system, was completed in 1909. Along its 120 miles it provides access to the extensive areas 

 of valuable forest lands not conveniently reached by the natural waterways. In 1910 some 

 295 square miles of land adjoining the railway were alienated for cultivation. The ex- 

 penditure on the railway was $388,091 in 1911 and the profit on the last quarter's working 

 was $6,683. A narrow gauge railway, 1 1 miles long, has been constructed to facilitate the 

 shipment of produce from the district south of Bandar Maharani. Its extension for a fur- 

 ther 28 miles is in progress. This railway made a profit of 12,336 in 1910, and of $4,026 

 in 1911. Road construction is being pushed on, and in 1910 the Sultan sanctioned the 

 construction of a main road across the peninsula, about 88 miles long, from Batu Pahat 

 on the west to Mersing on the east, crossing the railway at Mengkibol. 



The government maintains 39 schools, at two cf which (Johore Bahru and Muar, with 

 attendances of 300 and 140) English is taught. It is proposed to start an English boarding 

 school on the lines of the school for the children of well-to-do Malays at Kuala Kangsar, in 

 Perak. At the 37 vernacular schools, 2,529 pupils were enrolled. 



Consisting solely of Malays, the police force, made up of 23 officers, 1 1 6 non-commissioned 

 officers, and 450 constables, is distributed over 42 stations. It was arranged in 1912 that an 

 European officer should take charge. The Sultan maintains and commands a regiment of 

 Malays, comprising 220 regulars and 300 volunteers, as well as a force of 65 Pathan 

 artillerymen. 



In 1910 the rainfall was 106.05 inches. 



Kelantan. The most important event in the history of Kelantan since the British 

 Adviser (Mr. J. S. Mason) took over the supervision of its affairs from Mr. VV. A. Graham, 

 the Siamese Commissioner, on July 15, 1909, was the determination in 1912 of the agreement 

 between the Sultan and the Duff Development Company, and the resumption by the govern- 

 ment of the sovereign powers conceded to the company over nearly two-thirds of the state. 

 A new working agreement has been prepared under which the government of Kelantan under- 

 takes to pay the company 300,000 and to grant to them the following rights: (a) The sole 

 right to select blocks of land for agricultural purposes, amounting in the aggregate to not 

 more than 50,000 acres; (b) the sole prospecting rights for minerals over the area of the 

 concession; (c) the sole prospecting right over an area of approximately 78 sq. m. in 

 the Sokor district, and the right to take up mining leases and certain other rights. 



Great activity has characterised the administration, with a view to bring about a more 

 effective centralised government of the country. In 1909 the State Council held IO meet- 

 ings and passed six important enactments; in 1910, when 12 meetings were held, 18 enactments 

 were passed. In 1909 a beginning was made with an educational system. A government 

 school was started at Kota Bahru with 119 pupils, and the enrolment had risen to 277 at the 

 end of the year, 29 of the pupils taking up the study of the English language. Only four 

 members of the royal house attended one in the English class; but in 1910, when the 

 average attendance was 117, a son of the Sultan was amongst the students. Three new 

 schools were opened in that year, and a night school for clerks at Kota Bahru. The 

 Kelantan Malays are keen on education; the boys are industrious students, and there is 

 great eagerness to learn English. The Mosque school at Kota Bahru, a sort of theological in- 

 stitution with a great reputation in the peninsula, has a daily average attendance of 42. 



