BRITISH EAST AFRICA 643 



of new ones. This condition is yearly intensified by the high birth rate, and thus the 

 standard of living tends continually to fall and poverty to increase. 



The Commission makes the following recommendations among others: that in view 

 of the importance of the agricultural industry to Malta this department should be de- 

 veloped and placed under an officer who would give his whole time to the work; that a 

 committee should be appointed to conduct a thorough investigation into the expenditure 

 of the government and to report what economies can be effected; that the scale and 

 amount of expenditure on public works extraordinary should be cut down; that the 

 annual contribution of 5000 paid to the Imperial government in aid of military services 

 should be discontinued or that alternatively the island government should be authorised 

 to charge a fair rent for all sites or buildings required by the Army or Navy for purposes 

 other than fortifications; that the tax on imported grain should be reduced by half, the 

 revenue thus lost being made up by increases in the duties on imported tobacco, beer, 

 and sugar, and the liquor license duties, and by the imposition of a general ad valorem 

 duty on imported articles at present untaxed; and that information with regard to 

 opportunities for emigration should be made readily accessible. 



Legislation. Twelve ordinances were passed by the Council of Government during 1911. 

 The most important of these relate to the management and regulation of customs, the 

 criminal laws and the manufacture of spirit and artificial wine in the island. 



Education. There are 101 day schools and 42 night schools. The enrollment in the day 

 schools in September 1911 was 19,282. The night schools were attended by 2666 pupils. 

 The strength of the teaching staff during the year was 766. The total cost of the element- 

 ary schools was 28,265. An average of 175 students attended the secondary school for 

 girls. The average daily attendance in the secondary school for boys was 66. The daily 

 average number of students in the Lyceum was 484. The average number of students 

 who attended the University was 149, as against 222 in the previous year. . 



Oh January.24, 1912, the islands were visited by King George V and Queen Mary, who 

 remained from the 24th till the 27th and received an enthusiastic reception. 



Climate. The meteorological returns show a mean temperature for the year of 63.02 F. 

 The total rainfall was 24.230 inches. Earthquakes were felt locally on September 30, 

 October 16, and November 15, 1911. (A. BRUCE JACKSON.) 



BRITISH EAST AFRICA 



British East Africa comprises (i) the East Africa Protectorate, (2) the Uganda Pro- 

 tectorate, (3) the Sultanate of Zanzibar. The first two are administered through the 

 Colonial Office and in- status closely, approximate to crown colonies. The Sultanate of 

 Zanzibar is a protected State, its affairs being. supervised by the Foreign Office. The 

 East Africa Protectorate by itself is popularly known as " British East Africa," but all 

 three protectorates come strictly under the designation. 



The East Africa Protectorate. 1 In 1912 the white population of the East Africa 

 Protectorate was about 4,000; the Indian about 20,000. The native population was 

 estimated at 4,000,000. The period 1909-12 witnessed a great development in the 

 Highlands, that part of the protectorate suited for permanent .occupation by Europeans. 

 The area so available does not exceed Ireland in size. Nairobi, the capital, had (1911) 

 14,000 inhabitants (800 whites, 3,000 Indians). It contains handsome public and 

 private buildings. A wireless telegraphy station was erected in 19.12. The whites are 

 almost wholly engaged in agriculture, including dairy farming and stock raising. Sisal 

 hemp, black wattle (for tanning) and coffee are the chief products. Wheat, barley, 

 maize, vegetables and cotton are also cultivated. Besides cattle, sheep and pigs, there 

 are ostrich farms. During 1907-10, 62,000 acres of freehold and 1,718,000 of leasehold 

 land were taken up; 1,141,000 being for grazing. Large areas hear the coast Jiave been 

 planted for coco-nuts, rubber, tobacco, &c. The only mineral exploited is carbonate 

 of soda, but coal was found in 1911 near the railway at Mackinnon Road Station. 



Excluding government stores and specie exports rose in value from 515,000 in 1907-8 

 to 962,000 in 1910-1 1 ; imports (chiefly cotton goods, foodstuffs and agricultural implements) 

 in the same period rose from 799,000 to 1,000,346. In 1911 60% of the imports came 

 from the United Kingdom or British possessions and 10% from Germany. Of the exports 



1 See E. B. iv, 601 el seq. 



