BRITISH EAST AFRICA 6 45 



were substituted for the hybrids previously cultivated. The value of the cotton crop, 

 41,000 in 1908-9, was 165,000 in 1910-11 and over 250,000 in 1911-12. The imports 

 (merchandise only) rose in value from 288,000 in 1909-10 to 347,000 in 1910-11, and 

 exports increased from 225,000 to 340,000. In 1909-10 revenue (including a grant in aid 

 of 103,000) was 268,000; in 1910-11 it was 287,000 though the grant in aid was reduced 

 to 96,000. The expenditure in the two years was 240,000 and 252,000. 



The railway from Jinja, near the Ripon Falls, along the Victoria Nile was completed to 

 Namasagoli 58 m. in December 1911. It cost 170,000. This railway connects with 

 a steamer service on Lake Kioga and opens up Bukedi, where a rich soil and a well denned 

 dry season provide exceptional opportunities for cotton growing. In 1912 the Imperial 

 parliament voted 100,000 for the provision of metalled roads suitable for motor traffic in this 

 region. A railway from Port Bell to Kampala (20 m.), built 1912, marked the beginning of 

 a trunk line from the Victoria to the Albert Nyanza. 



The Baganda continue to prove themselves a most progressive type of negro. Some 

 8,000 are in government service; over 32,000 of their children were in Anglican schools 

 alone in 1911. The native government is in the iiands of Sir Apolo Kagwa, K.C.M.G., 

 and two co-regents. The Kabaka (king), Daudi, was 16 on August 8, 1912. 



In March 1911 Mr. F. J. Jackson, C.B., succeeded Capt. H. E. S. Cprdeaux (who was 

 appointed to St. Helena) as governor of Uganda. Jackson had played an important 

 part in bringing Uganda under British protection and since 1889 had served continuous- 

 ly either in Uganda or in the East Africa Protectorate. 



Zanzibar. 1 The Sultan of Zanzibar, Ali bin Hamud, abdicated November 15, 1911, 

 and on December Qth his son, Khalifa bin Harub, a child of six, was proclaimed Sultan 

 by the British. Ali-bin-Hamud had been educated in Europe and he preferred the 

 freer life and wider interests of Europe to his throne. The native administration is 

 under the general control of the British Agent Mr. Edward A. W. Clarke, who succeed- 

 ed Mr. Basil S. Cave (appointed consul general at Algiers) in 1909. Capt. F. R. Barton, 

 C.M.G., is First minister to the council of regency. 



The population of Zanzibar island at a census taken in 1910 was 114,069, that of 

 Pemba being 83,130. Zanzibar city had 35,262 inhabitants. The Arab aristocracy 

 large land-owners number about 20,000; there are an equal number of British Indians 

 and about 300 Europeans. The transhipment of goods to and from the mainland of 

 East Africa and the growing of cloves are the main sources of wealth. The value of 

 cloves exported in 1910 was 253,000, compared with 330,000 in 1909. In 1911 the 

 crop was estimated at 300,000 Copra cultivation is increasing; the export in 1910 was 

 219,000, almost double the figure for 1909. Nearly all the other exports figure also as 

 imports; they are goods in transit. Zanzibar has been to some extent replaced by 

 Mombasa (British East Africa) and Dar-es-Salaam and Tanga (German East Africa) 

 as the distributing centre for Indian and European goods. This is due to the extension 

 of direct steamship communication between India and Europe and the mainland of East 

 Africa, and to the establishment of equal rates of freights to Zanzibar and the coast town. 

 The exports from Zanzibar to the mainland of East Africa, piece-goods, petroleum, rice, 

 sugar, &c. received from abroad and transhipped fell in the ten years 1901-1910 from 

 574,000 to 348,000. In the same period the value of goods received from the main- 

 land decreased from 341,000 to 242,000. But Zanzibar retains its position as the 

 chief city of East Africa in native estimation; and it remains the headquarters of the 

 principal Indian merchants trading with East Africa, and the centre of the dhow traffic 

 on the coast. The tonnage of vessels clearing the port in 1910 was 682,000; the external 

 trade was valued at 2,026,000. The British proportion of the trade declined from 55% 

 in 1908 to 47% in 1910. Customs revenue in 1910 was 107,000; the total revenue 

 181,000 and the expenditure 192,000. ..-,: 



See the Colonial Office reports on East Africa Protectorate and on Uganda, and the 

 Consular reports on Zanzibar; Lord Cranworth, A Colony in the Making (London, 1912); 

 Ward and Miligan, Handbook of British East Africa (Nairobi and London, 1912); John 

 Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911). (F. R. CANA.) 



1 See E. B. xxviii, 957 et seq. 



