BRITISH WEST AFRICA 651 



Forcados (pop. 3,189), the port for steamers ascending the Niger. Throughout Yoruba- 

 la'nd increased attention has been paid to education several technical schools being 

 established, and there is springing up a group of intelligent,, thinking men, born and 

 educated in Southern Nigeria, who are imbued with love of their country and are de- 

 voting themselves to its service. In the Hausa States and Bornu in N. Nigeria as 

 among the Yoruba in S. Nigeria the administration rules through the native govern- 

 ments. The establishment in 1911 of a Beit-d-Mal (State Treasury) in all the Hausa 

 Emirates was an important step towards securing purity in the public services. From 

 the Beit-el-Mal the native judges and other functionaries receive fixed salaries. At 

 the same time the Emirs were given civil lists in lieu of depending upon what share they 

 could get from the imposts levied on the people. The Land and Native Rights Ordi- 

 nance, 1911, established the system of native land tenure on an inalienable basis. 



Nigeria, with 80,000 sq. m. of dense forest, still depends mainly upon its sylvan products, 

 but since 1910 its mineral resources have leapt into importance. The mineral survey of 

 S. Nigeria revealed the existence of lignate at Asaba, 15 m. W. of the Niger, and of enormous 

 deposits of coal at Udi, some 50 m. E. of the Niger at Onitsha. A survey for a railway to 

 connect the Udi coalfield with Onitsha was made in 1912. In N. Nigeria the exploitation 

 of the tin fields in the province of Bauchi attained large proportions. Mining, which began 

 in a small way in 1902, attracted little attention till 1909. Since then over 3,060,000 capital 

 has been invested in the field, which is alluvial and covers some 2,500 sq. m. Exports of 

 tin ore rose from 38,000 in 1909 to 72,000 in 1910, and 181,000 in 1911. In that year 

 1,470 tons of tin were exported; from Jan 1st. to July 31, 1912 the export was 1,489 tons 

 (value not stated). In October 1912, the Colonial Office announced that pending a systemat- 

 ic survey of the tin mining area no mining leases or prospectnig licences would be granted 

 to new applicants. 1 Rich reefs of galena carrying a considerable silver return have been 

 found in the province of Muri, along the middle Benue. 



The completion of the railway from Baro to Kano in March 1911, proved a potent 

 factor, not alone in the development of trade, but in. its influence on native life and thought. 

 In the first year of working the receipts on the Baro-Kano railway came to about 70,000. 

 The railway is 3 ft. 6 in. gauge and 356 miles long. In 1911 also the railway from Lagos was 

 extended till it joined the Northern Nigeria line at Minna (250 miles from Lagos ) y the Niger 

 being bridged at Jebba. A 2 ft. 6 in. gauge railway was built in 1911 from Zaria, on the main 

 line, eastward to Rahamma, at the foot of the Bauchi Plateau and 40 m. W. of Naraguta, the 

 headquarters of the tin field. It is 90 m. long and cost 2,000 a mile. Like the other Nige- 

 rian railways it is State owned and State worked. 



During 1909-11 the volume of trade passing through S. Nigeria rose from 8,600,000 to 

 10,588,000, excluding the goods in transit to Porto Novo in Dahomey. In 1910, 546,000, 

 and in 1911, 726,000, of the total was credited to N. Nigeria as the value of imports and 

 exports by commercial firms. Palm kernels, valued in 1911 at 2,574,000, and palm oil 

 (1,696,000), were the chief exports. Rubber and cocoa were next in importance. The 

 export of cocoa in 1911 (9,858,000 Ibs.) showed an increase of 50% over 1910; its value was 

 164,000. Cotton, despite fluctuations in the crops, gave promise of expansion. Cotton 

 cultivation for export also progressed in Northern Nigeria. Up to 1912 the price fetched 

 by native cotton for local manufacture exceeded one penny per lb., the highest price offered 

 by the British Cotton Growing Association. From N. Nigeria the chief exports during 

 1910-12 were palm kernels, shea nuts, rubber, gum and tin. The bulk of the trade of Nigeria, 

 as also the shipping, is in British hands, though increasing competition is being met with 

 from German and French firms. 



In 191 1 the revenue of S. Nigeria was 1,956,000, the highest on record. Of this 975,000 

 was derived from duties on imported spirits, and 307,000 (130,000 net profit) was railway 

 revenue. Expenditure was 1,717,000. On March 31, 1912, the public debt of S. 

 Nigeria was 6,471,000. A loan of 5,000,000 was floated in 1911, calls to the end of the 

 year being 3,223,000. In N. Nigeria in the financial year 1910-11 the total local revene 

 was 275,000 compared with 178,000 in 1908-9. In 1911-12 it was 545,000 (including 

 a sum of 196,000 on account of native local administration, the corresponding sum not 

 being shown in the 1910-11 statement). The expenditure in 1910 was 565,000, compared 

 with 540,000 in 1908-9. In 1911-12 it was 827,000. In N. Nigeria the importation 

 of trade spirits is forbidden and the chief source of revenue is the land tax in reality a pro 

 rata property tax which increased from 124,000, in 1908-9 to 217,000 in 1911-12. (The 

 land revenue is really double the figures given, one-half the amount collected being retained 

 by the native government for local needs.) Deficits on the N. Nigeria revenue were met 

 by grants in aid from the Imperial government, and as to 70,000 from the S. Nigeria treas- 



| In some districts the presence of prospectors was resented. Mr. Campbell, a mining 

 engineer, was murdered in June 1912 at Ninkada, Nassarawa province, by Mada pagans 

 against whom a small force was sent, the Mada sustaining about 180 casualties. 



