6 5 2 ST. HELENAFALKLAND ISLANDS 



ury. The revenue of the Beit-el-Mal amounted to over 200,000 in the first year of its 

 institution. In N. Nigeria in the Moslem regions (i.e. the Hausa States and Bornu) are 

 government schools where purely secular education, including crafts and agriculture, is 

 given. Hausa is taught in Roman characters. As among the Yoruba and the Beni of S. 

 Nigeria the chiefs in N. Nigeria are keenly interested in the schools. 



See Capt. C. W. J. Orr, The Making of Northern Nigeria (1911); E. D. Morel, Nigeria: 

 Its Peoples and Its Problems, (1911); Major A. J. N. Tremearne, The Tailed Head Hunters 

 of Nigeria (1912); C. L. Temple, "Northern Nigeria," in Geog. Jnl. (Aug. 1912); Prof. Wynd- 

 ham Dunstan, Southern Nigeria: Mineral Survey (Colonial Reports, miscellaneous nos. 81 

 and 83); J. D. Falconer, The Geology and Geography of N. Nigeria (1911) and On Horseback 

 Through Nigeria (1911); A. F. Calvert, Nigeria and Its Tin Fields (1912) and The Nigerian 

 Tin Manuel (1912); Colonial Office Annual Reports on S. and N. Nigeria; S. Nigeria Census 

 Reports 1911 (Lagos, 1912). (F. R. CANA.) 



St. Helena 1 



The population in 1911 was 3,520 (1,658 males; 1,862 females). Revenue (1910) 9,306 

 (including a grant-in-aid of 2,500 from the Imperial Exchequer); (1911) 8,622. Expendi- 

 ture (1910) 9,596; (1911) 9,129. The Government flax fibre mills have been working 

 only intermittently; having been opened in 1907 they were closed in 1910, the supply of leaf 

 being exhausted, and they have remained so since, except during a few weeks. There is a 

 lace school, but it does not support itself. Jamestown was visited by 51 ships in 1910 and 

 64 in 1911. 'On October 24, 1910, H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught visited the island, no 

 member of the Royal Family having done so since the Duke of Edinburgh in 1860. Capt. 

 H. E. S. Cdrdeaux, C.B., C.M.G., became governor in 1911 in succession to Lt. -Col. Sir H. 

 L. Galway, K.C.M.G., transferred to Gambia. 



Falkland Islands 2 



According to the census of 1911, the population, including South Georgia, was 3,275. 

 The large increase since 1901 (pop. 2,043) is due to the development of the whaling in- 

 dustry. The population in 1911 was thus distributed: East Falklands and adjacent 

 islands, 1,608; West Falklands (including New Island), 664; South Georgia (including 

 a shipping population of 563) 1,003 in I 9 I it was uninhabited. 



The average number of births during 1908-1912 was 52 and of deaths 18. The average 

 density of population was: Falkland Islands (6,500 sq. miles) 34; South Georgia (1000 sq. 

 miles) 1,003. The totalnumber of males and females was 2,370 and 905 respectively; or 

 an average of only 38.2 females to every 100 males. The small population of females is 

 due to the large number of men engaged in the wha'ing industry. In the statistics relating 

 to religious beliefs 1,821 persons are returned as belonging to the Church of England, 769 

 as Lutherans and 63 as Baptists. Of the total population 2,107 were returned as British 

 subjects; 13 of these being naturalised. 1 Of the 1,093 foreigners 980 were natives of Sweden 

 and Norway, the majority of these being engaged in the whaling industry. 



With the exception of small government reserves the whole of the land of the Colony is 

 in the hands of sheep farmers. Closer settlement is thus rendered impossible and in spite 

 of the high wages paid for labour there is no opening for new settlers. About one-fifth of 

 the colony is composed of peat, but nothing has yet been done to develop it. ' 



The rainfall registered at Port Stanley during 1911 amounted to 37.06 inches as com- 

 pared with 27.68 inches in 1910. 



Industries. Sheep farming and whaling continue to be the principal industries. The 

 number of sheep in the colony during 1911 was 706,170, which is 18,566 less than in 1910. 

 The number of sheep slaughtered in 191 1 was 76,315 as against 69,704 in the previous year. 

 This increase is partly due to the establishment of two mutton-canning factories, capable of 

 dealing respectively with 600 and 300 sheep daily. They began work in 1910, employing 

 loo men and producing 25,000 tins of preserved meat. 



Whaling round the Falkland Islands was not so successful in 1911 as in former years, 

 one company producing only a total of 7,400 barrels of oil and 50 tons of whalebone. In 

 the dependencies, however, the whaling industry has developed rapidly and appears to tx 

 rivalling sheep-farming as the mainstay of the colony. In South Georgia eight companies 

 are now established and employ 1000 men in their factories ashore and afloat. During, 

 the 1910-1 r whaling season oil and guano were produced worth 534,715. The South Orkneys 

 and the Sandwich Islands were each visited by one company, and ten companies held li- 

 cences for the South Shetlands and Graham's Land. The total catch from these dependencies 

 was 156,770 barrels of oil and 400 tons of whalebone, together worth over 468,500. 

 The total value of the products during 1911 was 1,026,415. The export of whale oil 

 in 1911 was 13,174 tons, valued at 270,762, more than double the export in 1910. 



Trade is expanding steadily. The exports during 1911 amounted to 471,156 as co-m 



1 See E. B. xxiv, 7. 2 See E. B. x, 151. 



