6 7 8 NEWFOUNDLAND 



performed excellent service for which he was justly esteemed. WILLIAM Ross, the Senator; 

 b. 1825; d. at Halifax on March lyth. He became a member of the Legislative Assembly of 

 Nova Scotia in 1859 and of the Dominion House of Commons in 1867. In 1874 ne left 

 parliament and became collector of customs at Halifax. In 1889 he was returned again to 

 the Dominion parliament and in 1906 was appointed to the Senate. He was Minister of 

 Militia in the Mackenzie government in 1873. FREDERICK WILLIAM THOMPSON, manufac- 

 turer; b. 1862; d. May 7th. At the age of fifteen he entered the Exchange Bank of Montreal. 

 When twenty-one he joined the Ogilvie Milling Co., becoming general manager of their 

 North- Western business in 1899, and general manager of the whole business in 1900. In 1902 

 he re-organised it as the Ogilvie Flour Mills Co., Ltd. He had considerable political influ- 

 ence, and worked hard against the reciprocity agreement with the United States. 



(W. L. GRIFFITH.) 



NEWFOUNDLAND 1 



;;.; : .--.; > . < I'-.j-i' ; 



Population. The provisional returns of the census of 1911 show a total population 

 of 242,966 persons (124,485 males and 118,481 females), of whom 239,027 are domiciled 

 in Newfoundland, and 3,939 in Labrador. This constitutes an advance of 9.95% over 

 the figures for 1901. The population of St. John's City has increased from 29,594 m 

 1901 to 32,292 in 1911. The religious classification includes Roman Catholics 81,914; 

 Church of England 78,140; Methodists 68,127, and Salvation Army 10,127. 



Economic Conditions. The marked progress of Newfoundland during the last 

 few years is in the main to be attributed to three factors, viz., improved means of 

 communication, the development of mineral resources, and the foundation of an im- 

 portant pulp and paper-making industry. The immediate results of these undertakings 

 have been to give employment to large numbers of people hitherto dependent solely 

 upon the great fishing industries as a means of livelihood, and to turn the attention of 

 capitalists and administrators to the possibilities of the land as opposed to the sea. 



Recent international and imperial events have brought Newfoundland much before 

 public notice. Sir Edward Morris (b. 1859), Prime Minister since 1909, accompanied 

 by special delegates, attended the Imperial Conference of 1911. The Colonial Govern- 

 ment took a prominent part in the Festival of Empire held in London during the same 

 year: the extensive collection of Newfoundland products there exhibited has been 

 transferred to the Newfoundland Court at the Imperial Institute. The award of the 

 Hague Tribunal in 1910 has been brought to a satisfactory conclusion by the Anglo- 

 American Fisheries Treaty (1912), which settles outstanding difficulties between the 

 Colony and the United States. The question of reciprocity between Newfoundland 

 and the United States has been the subject of official discussion. 



Fisheries. The fisheries must for long remain the primary interest of Newfoundland, and 

 measures have recently been taken to place the industries upon a thoroughly stable basis. 

 Important work has been done by the newly-established Board of Trade in the official 

 inspection, grading and branding of products. The Government has had under considera- 

 tion the offers of the Booth Fisheries Company (U.S.A.) to undertake operations in New- 

 foundland, the proposal being to apply modern methods of cold-storage to the cod catch, 

 and thus render available the extensive markets for fresh fish in the central and western 

 states of America and elsewhere. Similar methods are proposed in connection with the 

 lobster fishery. The award (1910) of the Hague Tribunal has been found to work satis- 

 factorily and with the gratifying result of an increase of trade in fishery products with 

 America. An agreement has recently been arrived at between the Governments of New- 

 foundland, the United States and Canada, which settles, among other difficulties, the de- 

 limitation of bays on the Newfoundland coast. The total value of the fishery exports in 

 1911 was 1,807,226: cod 1,344,689, cod oil 61,833, cod liver oil I2 . O 4 T . herrings 79,971, 

 lobsters 74,069, salmon 14,535, other fish 45,523, seal skins (undressed) 56,562, seal oil 

 ?9- '55. whale oil 29,790, whale fertiliser 6,124, whalebone 2,934. 



Forest Resources. Exploitation of the forest wealth of the colony is developing rapidly 

 in the pulp and lumber industries. It is stated that natural regeneration is sufficient to 

 assure a permanent supply of raw material, but steps are being taken by the Government 

 with regard to reafforestation. Advance has been made in the lumber industry chiefly 

 owing to the operations of American companies. Profitable markets have been developed in 

 South and North America, the exports in 1910-11 being valued at 25,683. The forest 

 resources of Labrador remain practically untouched. In its extensive forests and abundant 

 and readily available water-power, Newfoundland possesses remarkable facilities for the 

 establishment of a pulp and paper-making industry, and important advances have already 



*See E. B. xix, 478. 



