NEW ZEALAND 699 



yet shared in the tide of the Commonwealth's prosperity, and during the last decade increased 

 its population by only 10.86%, though its natural increase was almost the highest in the 

 Commonwealth. It lost more by emigration than it gained by immigration. 



o In 1912 the Governor was Major General Sir Harry Barren (transferred 1913 to West 

 Australia), and the Premier Sir Elliott Lewis; Mr. W. G. Ellison Macartney, deputy- 

 master of the Royal Mint, was nominated on Dec. n to succeed Sir H. Barron as governor. 



(FRANK Fox.) 



NEW ZEALAND 1 



Population. The population, according to the quinquennial census of April 2, 191 r, 

 was (exclusive of Maoris) 1,008,468, of whom 531,910 were males and 476,558 females. 

 This shows an increase of 119,890 in five years the largest in any quinquennial period 

 in New Zealand's history. The density to sq. m. is 9,690; number of persons to an in- 

 habited dwelling 4.68. The populations of the principal cities (including suburbs) were: 

 Auckland 102,676; Wellington (the political capital) 70,729; Christchurch 80,193; 

 Dunedin 64,237. Excluding suburbs the city populations were: Wellington 64,372; 

 Christchurch 53,116; Dunedin 41,529; Auckland 40,536. The number of Maoris (in- 

 cluding half-castes living as Maoris) was 54,025. Of the total population 996,418 were 

 British subjects (born and naturalised), and only 12,050 were of foreign nationality. 

 The birth-places of the British subjects were as follows: New Zealand 702,779; United 

 Kingdom 228,684; Australia 50,693; other British possessions 4,570. 



Births and Deaths. The birth rate in 1886 was 35.40 per 1,000 of population, but it 

 declined steadily from year to year until in 1899 it was 25.12 the lowest percentage reached 

 in the .history of New Zealand. The rate increased yearly until 1907, when 27.30 was 

 recorded. In ign the rate fell to 25.97. The number of children to a marriage for the 

 twenty-year period 1892-1911 shows a decline from 4.54 to 3.07. Of every 1 ,000 children 

 born in 1911, 41 were born out of wedlock as against 45 in 1910. 



The death rate per 1,000 of population has been as high as 10.95 ( m I 997), but fell to 

 9.39 in 1911, which is slightly below the New Zealand average of the previous ten years, 

 slightly below that of Australia and much below that of all European countries. The 

 principal causes of death in 1911 were: cancer, 7.97 per 10,000 of mean population; phthisis, 

 5.58; pneumonia, 5.14; gastritis and enteritis, 3.69. 



Although the birth rate in New Zealand is low as compared with that of some European 

 countries the death rate (particularly among infants) is the lowest recorded by any country 

 in the world. As a result, the natural increase of population by excess of births over 

 deaths is exceptionally high. The natural increase per 1,000 of mean population for the 

 decennial period ended 1911 was 17.00 as compared with 11.71 for England and Wales during 

 the same period. 



Migration. The migration returns show considerable fluctuations. For instance the 

 net increase by migration in the years 1907-11 was: (1907) 5,730; (1908), 14,261 ; (1909), 

 4,719; (1910), 3,408; (1911), 4,200. In the same period the natural increase remained 

 consistently steady: (1907), 15,028; (1908), 16,897; (1909), 17,565; (1910), 16,345; (1911). 

 16,820. During the same years, arrivals from the United Kingdom were: (1907), 7,449; 

 (1908), 11,348; (1909), 11,184; (1910), 9.3 6 7; (1911), 11,379- Departures for the United 

 Kingdom were: (1907), 2,446; (1908), 2,635; ( I 99)> 2,676; (iQio), 2,509; (1911), 2,755. 



Religion. The New Zealand census includes the religions of the people. An analysis 

 of the 1911 returns gives the following percentages: Church of England and Protestants 

 not otherwise defined 41.14; Presbyterian 23.32; Roman Catholics and Catholics undefined 

 13.97; Methodist 9.43; Baptist 1.99; Hebrew 0.21. The number who objected to state 

 their religion represented 3.57 per cent. 



Agriculture. The census for 1911 showed the total area of land under occupation to be 

 40,238,126 acres, of which 16,265,890 acres were under cultivation. The principal crops 

 were: wheat, 8,290,221 bushels; oats, 10,118,917 bushels; barley, 927,112 bushels; potatoes, 

 141,510 tons. Of the total production of wheat 7,000 bushels were required for home 

 consumption and seed in 1911. There is no regular export of wheat. Butter and cheese 

 were exported in 1911 to the value of 1,216,137 an increase of about 200 per cent in ten 

 years. Frozen meat exports doubled in value in ten years. The exports in 1911 were 

 valued at 4,173,014. 



Trade. The value of imports has been: (1909), 15,674,719 (from United Kingdom 

 9,287,786); (1910) 17,051,583 (from United Kingdom 10,498,771); (1911) 19,584,789 

 (from United Kingdom 11,787,300). Exports: (1909) 19,661,996 (to United Kingdom 

 16,193,188); (1910) 22, 180,209 (to United Kingdom 18,663,118); (1911) 19,528,490 (to 

 United Kingdom 15, 134,743). The total trade per head of population was: (1909) 



1 See E. B. xix, 624 et seq. 



