7 o6 SOUTH AFRICA 



(1912-13 est.) 853,000; and the expenditure (1910-11) 684,000, (1911-12) 838,000, 

 (1912-13 est.) 894,000. 



The imports of "ordinary merchandise" (i.e. excluding railway material, government 

 stores and specie) were valued at 2,222,000 in 1910 and at 2,569,000 in 191 1. The exports 

 (excluding goods in transit) were 3,018,000 in 1910 and 3,098,000 in 1911. For the first 

 eight months of 1912 the figures were: imports 1,745,000, exports 2,081,000. In 1910 

 British imports were 69% of the whole; in 1911 they were 68%. One-fifth of the imports 

 came from the Union of S. Africa. Germany and the United States each had about 5 % of 

 the import trade. Northern Rhodesia in 1911 apart from transit trade sent exports 

 worth 150,000 into Belgian Congo. This was consequent on the opening of railway com- 

 munication with Katanga. Gold is the chief export. The output in 1910 was valued at 

 2,568,000, in 1911 at 2,647,000, for Jan-Oct. 1912 at 2,262,000. The export of chrome 

 ore in 1910 was 100,000, in 1911 i 18,000. The output of coal from the Wankie mines was 

 180,000 tons in 1910, and 212,000 tons in 1911. 



Rhodesia is, however, pre-eminently a stock-raising and agricultural country and most 

 of the new settlers are farmers. Maize is largely grown for export, but the chief export other 

 than minerals was tobacco, valued at 31,000 in 1910, and 34,000 in 1911. Scarcity of 

 native labour led to the establishment in October 1911 of an official Native Labour Recruiting 

 Bureau which secured uniformity of recruiting conditions for all classes of employers and 

 better conditions for the natives. A uniform tax of one shilling per native was imposed on 

 all employers by an ordinance passed in December 1911. This tax the farmers refused to 

 pay and to save the situation the ordinance was revoked by the Secretary of State for the 

 Colonies, June 1912, at the request of the Chartered Company. The Legislative Council, 

 in lieu of the tax, granted a subsidy to the Labour Bureau. 



Complaints of the high cost of living and of excessive railway rates were rife during the 

 last half of 1912, and led to vigourous protests against the increased duties on foodstuffs and 

 clothing proposed by the Union commission on trade and industries. Suggestions to make 

 Dutch an official language in Rhodesia were strongly resented. Owing to large gifts from 

 Cecil Rhodes and Alfred Beit there are as good facilities in the country for elementary and 

 secondary education of Europeans as in England. High schools for girls and for boys have 

 been opened at Bulawayo and Salisbury. 



The Native Protectorates. The Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basutoland and Swazi- 

 land remain under the control of the Imperial Government, represented by the High 

 Commissioner for South Africa, and are administered, by Resident Commissioners. 

 They form, in whole or in greater part, native reserves. The history of all three protec- 

 torates in 1910-12 was one of peaceful development, the fear of the Basuto and Bechuana 

 that they would be immediately handed over to the Union having been allayed. 



Basutoland in 1912 changed its financial year to end at March 31 (instead of June 30) to 

 bring it in line with the rest of British South Africa. Its prosperity is shown by the fact that 

 for the nine months which constituted the financial year 1911-12 the revenue was 138,000, 

 compared with 145,000 for the full twelve months on the preceding financial year. 

 Expenditure in 1910-11 was 134,000, in 1911-12 111,000. At the time of the census of 



1911 over 21,000 male Basutos were absent from the territory, 11,800 being engaged on the 

 Rand mines. Agriculture and stock-raising are the occupations of those who stay at home. 

 Strenuous efforts were made by the administrator to improve agricultural methods, and in 



1912 there was a marked increase in the quality and quantity of wool and mohair produced. 

 Education is fairly general; 17,400 scholars, the majority girls, were in attendance at the mis- 

 sion schools of the Paris Evangelical Society and other bodies. In 1911 the hut tax was 

 abolished and a tax of l per annum on adult males substituted, or if a native has more than 

 one wife he pays i p. a. for each wife up to a maximum of 3 a year for himself and his 

 wives. This tax yielded 92,000 in 1912. The Basutoland national council met at the capi- 

 tal, Maseru, in March 1912. This council consists of 99 members (all natives) and the para- 

 mount chief (Letsie); 94^ members are nominated by the Basuto themselves, 5 by the gov- 

 ernment. This council is an advisory body and keenly critical. The Resident Commis- 

 sioner (appointed 1901), Mr. H. C. Sloley, was made a K.C.M.G. in 1911. 



Bechuanaland is a much poorer country than Basutoland, and the Bechuana a much less 

 virile rare than the Basuto. They suffered in 1911, and again in 1912, from prolonged drought. 

 Financially Bechuanaland approached an equilibrium in 1911-12, when the revenue was 

 59,000 and the expenditure 65,000, the deficit, made good by the Imperial Government, 

 being the smallest on record. This was due to the fact that the staple product of the pro- 

 tectorate cattle (which between 1904 and 1911 increased from 139,000 to 323,000) had 

 for the first time access to a good market, Johannesburg and Kimberley, restrictions previously 

 enforced owing to fear of cattle disease being removed. A sum of 70,000 was realised by 

 the natives through the sale of surplus cattle. Bathoen, paramount chief of the Bangwaketsi 

 died in July 1910 and Sebcle, paramount chief of the Bakwena died in January 1911. Mont- 

 siva, chief of the Baralong, died in April 1911. All these chiefs were noted men in the early 

 struggles between the Boers and British for the possession of Bechuanaland, Sebele being 



