SOUTH AFRICA 707 



son of the chief Sechele, the friend of David Livingstone. Khama survives and rules his tribe 

 the Bamangwato with undisputed authority. 



Swaziland is steadily recovering from the state of chaos into which it had fallen (see E. 

 B. xxvi, 186). The white inhabitants are engaged in agriculture and in gold and tin mining. 

 In 1911-12 the gold output was 62,000; that of tin 32,000. The staple agricultural product 

 is maize. During 1911-12 there was a considerable development in fruit growing especially 

 citrus fruits. The Swazis raise maize and other crops and own large stocks of cattle. From 

 7,000 to 10,000 Swazis obtain work on the Rand mines. The partition of rights between the 

 European concessionaires and the Swazis was completed in 1911. Altogether 182,000 was 

 expended on the settlement of this question. In 1911-12 the total revenue was 57,000; the 

 expenditure 62,000. In 1911 a National Fund was established, to be used for purposes 

 beneficial to the Swazis. To this fund every adult male Swazi pays a direct tax of 2s. 

 a year. Naba Tsibeni, the "queen regent " continued to act as chief of the Swazis. Sobhuza, 

 her grandson and nominally paramount chief, was in 1912 about fourteen years old. 



Political History. The most salient feature in the history of South Africa since the 

 establishment of the Union has been the endeavour made to develop the material re- 

 sources of the country, especially its agricultural and general trade. The results 

 achieved have been indicated in preceding sections of this article. 



The parliament of South Africa legislating for the whole Union, the provincial 

 councils took a purely secondary position. Racial questions, as between the British 

 and Boer sections of the community, tended to occupy a less conspicuous position, though 

 the indiscreet actions and utterances of General Hertzog, the minister of Justice and an 

 ardent champion of Boer nationality, caused much embarrassment to his colleagues and 

 disquiet among the people. 



General Botha, 1 the Prime Minister in the first session of the Union Parliament 

 (opened November 1910), had the support not only of his own party, the Nationalist or 

 " South African " party (predominantly Boer), but that of the four Labour members 

 from the Rand and of several of the Natal members, elected as Independents. The 

 opposition, known as the Unionist party (and mainly British), was led by Dr. Jameson 

 (see E. B. xv, 147), who was created a baronet in January 1911. Owing to ill-health 

 Sir Starr Jameson resigned the leadership in April 1912 and was succeeded by Sir Thomas 

 Smartt, an ex-Cape minister, and like Jameson a medical man. In October 1912 Sir 

 Starr Jameson retired from parliament altogether, resigning his seat for Albany (Gra- 

 ham's Town). 



General Botha made one important change in the cabinet during the first session, 

 Sir F. R. Moor, ex-Premier of Natal, being succeeded on February 2 ad as minister of 

 Commerce and Industries by Col. George Leuchars, also a Natal representative. This 

 first session was devoted mainly to putting the Union machinery into working order. 

 The most controversial issue considered arose out of the Education Acts of the former 

 Orange River Colony (see E. B. xx, 160) which enforced bi-lingiialism. Elementary 

 education was by the act establishing the Union left in the control of the provincial 

 councils. The Union parliament could therefore only advise. A select committee on 

 which both parties were equally represented considered the subject, and on the lyth of 

 April 1911 presented a majority report recommending that up to standard IV instruc- 

 tion in schools be given in and through the " home language," with the optional use, on 

 the demand of parents, of the other language, and that above standard IV freedom of 

 choice be left to the parents; also that teachers should be free to qualify in either lan- 

 guage. On April 24th the Union parliament approved this compromise, though General 

 Hertzog (formerly minister of education in the Orange River Colony) was not in full 

 agreement. The success of an action for slander brought against Hertzog (August 1911) 

 by Mr. Wm. Fraser, an ex-inspector of schools whom that minister had dismissed in 

 May 1909 caused considerable scandal, which was intensified by the success of another 

 slander action (November 1911) against Hertzog, the plaintiff in the second case being 

 Dr. Ward, president of the O.F.S. medical council. The situation was rendered 

 piquant by the fact that Hertzog was minister of Justice. Hertzog's resignation was 



1 General Botha was on August 16, 1912 appointed an honorary general in the British 

 army. 



