UNITED STATES STATISTICS 721 



by manufacture in the same five years and these decreases were small, 2.7 % and much less 

 than the increase, 77.5 % and 9.6 %, in the years 1899-1904. The gross value of automobiles 

 increased 532.6% from 1899 to 1904 and 729.7% in 1904-09. Other high percentages of 

 increase in gross value during the years 1904-09 were: 68.8%, iron and steel from blast 

 furnaces; 66.6%, copper, tin and sheet-iron products; 63.2%, butter, cheese and condensed 

 milk; 57. 3%, copper smelting and refining; 57.2%, electrical machinery and apparatus; 

 55.9%, distilled liquors; 55.4%, women's clothing; 53.4%, cottonseed oil and cake. 



Ownership. In 1909 of 268,491 manufacturing establishments, 69,501 (25.9%; in 1904 



23.6 %) were operated by corporations, and these establishments reported nearly four-fifths 

 (in 1904 not three-fourths) of the total product value. In the Mountain Group of states 

 90.2 % of the product value was from establishments owned by corporations, largely smelters; 

 in the East North Central group the percentage was 85.1 ; in the West North Central, 83.9; 

 in the Pacific states, 82.4; in New England and in the West South Central group, 81.4 for 

 each ; in the East South Central, 78.5 ; in the South Atlantic, 76.7 ; and in the Middle Atlantic, 

 71.9. The highest per cent in any state was 96.1, in Arizona. More than twice as many 

 establishments were operated by individuals as by corporations, but their product value was 

 less than one-eighth as large. Establishments operated by firms numbered about four-fifths as 

 many as by corporations and had a product value a little more than one-eighth as large. In 

 1904 establishments operated by individuals reported 11.5 % of the total value; in 1909, 9.9 %. 

 In 1904 establishments operated by firms reported 14.4%; in 1909 10.6 %. The advance of 

 corporation control is marked. 



Establishments. Establishments with an output of more than $1,000,000 each numbered 

 1900 (0.9%) in 1904 and 3,061 (l.i %) in 1909; in the former year their product value was, 

 38%, in the latter 43.8% of the total for all establishments; in 1904 they employed 25.6%, 

 in 1909, 30.5% of all wage-earners in manufacturing. In 1909 67.2% of all establishments 

 had each an output less than $20,000 in value; but these establishments produced only 5.5 % 

 of the total product value and employed only 9.3 % of the wage-earners. 



It will be surmised that the increase of large establishments is accompanied by greater 

 efficiency, because the ratio of wage-earners to product is smaller in the large establishments; 

 but it is more probable that this difference is due to the presence of more labour-saving 

 machinery (and machinery that saves more labour), in the large establishments. And it 

 should be noted that the million dollar establishments producing 43.8 % of the gross value, 

 produced only 35.7 % of the net value (gross, less value of raw material); but that the estab- 

 lishments producing less than $20,000 each and contributing 5.5% of the gross product, 

 produced 7.7 % of the value added by manufacture. Even from this, however, no generalisa- 

 tion may safely be drawn, since many establishments with large gross outputs are in industries 

 which, from the nature of the raw material, add comparatively little by manufacture. This is 

 shown in a striking way by the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, which ranks first in 

 the country in gross products ($1,370,568,000) but twelfth in "value added by manufacture" 

 ($168,740,000); or by flouring and grist-mills, with a gross value of $883,584,000 (5th of all 

 industries) and a net value of $116,008,000 (i8th). Both these industries have a large pro- 

 portion of large establishments: in the former, 166 out of 1,641 had each an output of more 

 than $1,000,000. There were even larger percentages of million dollar establishments in 

 copper smelting and refining (84.2, with 99% of product value); steel works and rolling mills 

 (41.7, with 91 %); blast furnaces (41.3, with 85.8 %); refining petroleum (23.8, with 88%); 

 and steam railway car construction and repairs (22.7, with 80.7%). 



In Rhode Island 3.5% of all establishments produced each more than a million dollars' 

 worth a year, with a total value nearly half the entire product value for the state. In 

 Arizona 84.1 % of the entire product value was from such establishments, in Montana 68.1 %, 

 and in Utah, 53.4% almost all these being smelters; in Nebraska, 68.9%, and in Kansas, 

 62.9%, mostly slaughter houses and meat-packing establishments; in Illinois, 56.2 %, meat- 

 packing and iron and steel; ^"Pennsylvania, 50.7 %, largely iron and steel; and in New Jersey, 



56.7 %, from copper smelters and petroleum refineries. New York, the first manufacturing 

 state in the Union, reported only 37% of all product values from million dollar factories; 

 this is partly due to the diverse character of manufacturing industries in that state and partly 

 to the large number of clothing establishments, mostly very small. 



Of the total population of " continental " United States, 7,678,578, about I in 12, were 

 engaged in manufacturing; 487,173 being proprietors and officials, 576,359 clerks, and 6,615,- 

 046 wage-earners. Of wage-earners about I out of 5 were females, and about I out of 40 

 (162,246 in all) were under 16, by official reports; the actual number was probably greater. 



In dairy industries, flour-milling and baking the percentage of proprietors and officials 

 was unusually high (33.3, 28.4 and 20.2, respectively), the dairy establishments being largely 

 co-operative and in flour milling much labour-saving machinery is used which requires com- 

 paratively few wage-earners. Absolutely, the largest number of wage-earners in any one 

 industry was 695,019 (more than one-tenth of the total) in the manufacture of lumber and 

 timber. Other industries employing more than 200,000 wage-earners were: foundries and 

 machine shops, 531,011; cotton factories, 378,880; steam railway companies' car construc- 

 tion, 282,174; printing and publishing, 258,434; steel works and rolling mills, 240,076; and 

 men's clothing, 239,696. The percentage of children under 16 to all wage-earners is largest 



