742 UNITED STATES HISTORY 



In the American Socialist party, the leaders Debs and Haywood were founders of 

 the I.W.W. Besides Haywood, two other members of the Executive Committee were 

 in sympathy with the I.W.W. ; but the other four, Victor Berger (former Congressman 

 from Wisconsin), John Spargo, the author, Morris Hillquit, the historian of Socialism, 

 and Job Harriman, late candidate for mayor of Los Angeles, were opposed to it. 

 In the 1912 convention of the American Federation of Labor at Toledo, Ohio, on 

 November 20, delegates from the United Mine Workers introduced, and those from the 

 Western Federation of Miners supported, a resolution approving industrial organisation, 

 the scheme of the I.W.W. The resolution was defeated two to one, but it is important 

 to note that there is a movement of some strength in this craft organisation for a 

 general industrial organisation of the I.W.W. type, which the Federation has always 

 opposed. The I.W.W. has six publications at the present time. It has " National 

 administrations " in Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. 



Dissatisfaction with the economic conditions in the country and with the failure: 

 of the great political parties to face them seriously has greatly strengthened the Socialists. 

 In 1910 they cast 605,000 votes, a gain of nearly 200,000 over 1908; and 

 S df/ / 6or * n I 9 12 t^ 6 Socialist vote for president was large (about 896,000), 

 unions. although the new Progressive party made its appeal on a somewhat so- 

 cialistic programme. In 1911 they had '392 elected officials, including 

 the first socialist Congressman, Victor Berger (defeated in 1912), 18 legislators in five 

 states, 32 mayors (including Emil Seidel of Milwaukee and G. B. Lunn of Schenectady), 

 and 341 minor officials. On the other hand, the Socialist Labor party, with much 

 more radical principles, has steadily diminished in popular strength. 1 The trade unions 

 have been increasing in number and in membership. The American Federation of 

 Labor had, at the end of 1912, an enrollment of 1,841,268; and, during the year, 260 

 certificates of affiliation had been issued to unions. Injury was done to the labour 

 cause in 1911, however, by the discovery that numerous dynamiting outrages had been 

 planned and executed by men connected with the International Association of Bridge 

 and Structural Ironworkers (see CALIFORNIA; INDIANA). 



These outrages, extending over two years, culminated in the loss of 21 lives by the 

 destruction of the Los Angeles Times building in October 1910. Their purpose was 

 to discourage the use of non-union materials and the employment of non- 

 e union labour. Ortie McManigal, who turned state's evidence, James B. 



case. McNamara, and J. J. McNamara, secretary of the Association, were 



indicted. The American Federation of Labor, warmly espousing their 

 cause, collected a large sum of money for the defence and placed a committee in charge. 

 In December 1911 before the tedious process of selecting the jury had been completed 

 the McNamaras confessed. They were sentenced to imprisonment for life and for 

 fifteen years respectively. Their attorney, Clarence Darrow, was afterwards brought 

 to trial for attempting to bribe a prospective juror, but acquitted; at the end of 1912 

 he was awaiting trial on another similar charge. As a sequel to the McNamara case 

 forty-five officials or former officials of the Association were brought to trial at Indianap- 

 olis in October, 1912, upon the charge of conspiracy to transport explosives from state 

 to state upon passenger trains. One of the defendants pleaded guilty. As the trial 

 advanced, there was unfolded a remarkable story of criminal machinations, and event- 

 ually a verdict was returned for the prosecution. 



During the past two or three years the growing alertness of public opinion has been 

 illustrated by the exposure of political corruption in all parts of the country and in the 

 electorate as well as in the government service. One of the most disturb- 

 in % revelations occurred in Adams county, Ohio, where, largely on 

 the testimony of political workers who turned state's evidence, more 

 than a quarter of the electorate were convicted of selling their votes. They were 

 sentenced to a fine and disfranchisement for five years. Judge Blair, who conducted 



x The vote for Reimer, Socialist Labor candidate for president in 1912, was less than 

 40,000. 



