7S o UNITED STATES HISTORY 



contempt of court, limitation upon the use of injunctions, the spread of the direct 

 primary and other instruments of popular rule, etc. But the Democratic programme 



was much less comprehensive and, except for the tariff, much less radical. 

 Democratic it insisted upon the old doctrine of state rights, a single term for the Presi- 

 de. Krei ~ dent, the abolition of protective duties (but by legislation which " will 



not injure or destroy legitimate business "), and supplementary legislation 

 to give the anti-trust act more definiteness and override the court's interpretation. 



The most characteristic feature of the Progressive platform was the attention which 

 it gave to the subject of social welfare and industrial justice. As a means to this end 

 it advocated a more expeditious method of amending the Federal Constitution, the recall 

 of judicial decisions, the right of appeal to the Supreme Court in cases where the highest 

 state court should hold laws invalid under the Federal Constitution, and the bringing 

 under effective national jurisdiction of those problems which have expanded beyond the 

 reach of the states. The proposals with respect to the labouring class included minimum 

 safety and health standards, prohibition of child labour and night work for women, mini- 

 mum-wage standards for women, and much else. On the tariff, the Progressives 

 differed from the Republicans only in demanding the immediate downward revision of 

 excessive duties. They did, however, take a very different position with respect to the 

 trusts, wishing to place their regulation under an administrative commission. They 

 advocated woman suffrage. 



The campaign presented peculiar features from the fact that it was a three-cornered 

 contest. Each party had to fight the other two. The Republican cause, for which 



there seemed little hope, was badly managed; its appeal was addressed to 

 The cam- j ne conservative class, who were told that Mr. Roosevelt and his party 



menaced the time-honoured institutions of the country. The Democrats 



emphasised the evils of the protective tariff, holding it responsible for the 

 high cost of living and the corrupt alliance between business and politics. On this 

 issue the other two parties opposed them, while, with respect to the trusts, Democrats 

 and Republicans held to fairly similar positions as against the Progressives. The 

 latter directed attention to the need of a constructive social policy. Their desire to 

 break the " Solid South " and to attract Democratic voters was shown by Mr. Roose- 

 velt's attitude towards the negro. He announced that the new party could not be 

 built up in the South " by relying on and appealing to the negroes;" and in the settle- 

 ment of contests between Southern delegates the national convention acted upon this 

 principle. Although Mr. Roosevelt was received with enthusiasm during a speaking 

 tour through the South, he managed to divert very few Democratic votes in the election. 

 The concern expressed through the country when he was shot by a fanatic at Milwaukee 

 on October 24 evidenced his great personal popularity. He addressed a mass-meeting 

 for an hour and a half after being wounded. Democratic success in the elections, though 

 foreshadowed by the disruption of the Republican party, was more complete than had 

 been generally expected. Taft won only two states, Utah and Vermont, with 8 elec- 

 toral votes; Roosevelt won California (n of 13 v^.tes), Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsyl- 

 vania, South Dakota, and Washington, with 88 electoral votes. All the other states 

 went for Wilson, who received 435 electoral votes. Sweeping though the victory was, 

 it seems to have been mainly due to the split in the Republican party. Wilson had a 

 plurality of more than two millions over Roosevelt, but he did not have a majority of the 

 popular vote. The new Congress is Democratic in both branches. In the House almost 

 exactly two-thirds of the members are Democrats; and the capture of state legislatures 

 which had previously been Republican insured a small Democratic majority in the 

 Senate. Out of 28 governors elected all but ten were Democrats. Mr. Wilson was 

 formally inaugurated, March 4, 1913. His cabinet is: W. J. Bryan, State; W. G. 

 McAdoo, Treasury; Lindley M. Garrison, War; J. C. McReynolds, Attorney-General; 

 A. S. Burlcson, Postmaster-General; Josephus Daniels, Navy; F. K. Lane, Interior; 

 D.F.Houston, Agriculture; W. C. Redfield, Commerce; W. B.Wilson, Labor. 



(E. M. SAIT.) 



