77 6 CALIFORNIA 



earners) to 141,576 (115,296 wage-earners); the invested capital from $282,647,000 to 

 $537,134,000; and the value of products from $367,218,000 to $529,761,000. The principal 

 products were: lumber and timber products, $45,000,000; slaughtering and meat packing 

 products, $34,280,000 (116.7% more than in 1899); canned and preserved fruits, vegetables, 

 fish, etc., localised largely in Fresno, Oakland, Pomona and Redlands, $32,915,000 (more 

 than one-fifth the total for the United States and far more than for any othef state) ; foundry 

 and machine shop products, $26,731,000; flour and grist-mill products, $25,188,000 (93% 

 more than in 1899); printing and publishing $25,032,000; steam railway cars and construc- 

 tion, $18,719,000; refined petroleum, $17,878,000, about 25 times as much as in 1899; butter, 

 cheese and condensed milk, $12,761,000 (256.2% more than in 1899); tanned, curried and 

 finished leather, $9,367,000; malt liquors, $9,319,000; vinous liquors, $8,937,000 (68.1 % of 

 the total for the United States); illuminating and heating gas $8^927,000; copper, tin and 

 sheet iron, $6,804,000; cement, $6,504,000, manufactured principally in Solano, Santa Cruz 

 and San Bernardino counties; roast and ground coffee and spice, $6,492,000; food prepara- 

 tions, $5,508,000; distilled liquors, $5,353,ooo; and men's clothing, $5,121,000. 



In 1909, 55.7% of the total value was reported from the 21 cities, each with 10,000 

 inhabitants or more. San Francisco was still the first manufacturing city, and the decrease 

 in the value of manufactures from $137,788,000 in 1904 to $133,041,000 in 1909 was due 

 partly to the fire of 1906. Los Angeles ($68,586,000), the second city, showed an increase 

 f 353-2 % between 1899 and 1909; and Oakland ($22,343,000), third, an increase of 316.2 %. 

 Other important manufacturing cities were Sacramento $13,977,000; Stockton, $11,849,000; 

 Fresno, $11,090,000; San Jose, $5,610,000; San Diego, $4,741,000; and Berkeley, $4,435,000. 



Transportation. Railway mileage, January I, 1912, 7,511.78. The department of 

 engineering was reorganised in 1911 and now appoints a highway engineer. Many separate 

 acts were passed to establish state highways, notably in Alpine county, which has long been 

 without any westward outlet, the only roads leading E. into Nevada. Much has been done 

 to improve roads for motoring, especially near Los Angeles. The state contributed towards 

 the improvement of the Sacramento and Feather rivers, and the Federal government appro- 

 priated (March 4, 1911) $15,000 for the state debris commission and in 1911-12 was dredging 

 the harbour of Los Angeles and building a breakwater there, improving San Francisco 

 harbour by rock removal, digging a 30 ft. channel in San Diego harbour and another in Oak- 

 land, and improving the entrance channel at San Luis Obispo. 



Legislation. The 3Qth session of the legislature met from January 2 to March 

 27, 1911, and on February 3 ratified the proposed i6th amendment to the Federal 

 Constitution. At an extra session, November 27 to December 24, the state was 

 redistricted, into senatorial, assembly and congressional districts; and by joint resolu- 

 tion an amendment to the Federal Constitution to provide for a nation-wide direct 

 vote for president and vice-president was urged. 



A conservation commission was appointed by the governor to report laws and make 

 regulations in regard to forestry, water, the use of water, water power, electricity, mines, 

 mineral lands, etc., and $100,000 was appropriated for this work, although no salary 

 was allowed to the commissioners. 



Provision was made for a presidential primary election to be held on the second Tuesday 

 in May in the years of presidential elections. A primary law adopted the Oregon plan of 

 pledging legislators to the people 's choice for United States senator as shown in the primary 

 or of having a legislator sign an alternative pledge, that he would consider the primary choice 

 merely as a recommendation. Nominations other than by primary must be made by 

 petition with a certificate for each signer. A law providing for a registrar of voters was re- 

 ferred to the people and defeated (255,051 to 145,924) in Nov. 1912. 



The law in regard to voting machines was revised; no machine may be used which makes 

 it possible for a straight ticket to be voted without the separate motion of lever or button 

 for each separate candidate. A ballot law provides for the office group form, with names 

 arranged in rotation but alphabetically for local offices with the party name or the 

 word "independent" following the name of the office and with a blank space in each party 

 group for the addition of the name by the elector. A sample ballot and a card containing 

 instructions must be mailed to each voter. Pamphlets containing arguments for or against 

 referendum measures must be distributed to voters until there is legislative action for- 

 bidding this and pamphlets on proposed constitutional amendments must be distributed 

 to public schools. 



Twenty-three constitutional amendments were adopted by popular vote on October 

 10, 1911, the most important being for the initiative and referendum, providing for initia- 

 tion directly to the people if the petition is signed by 8% of the voters or more, but through 

 the legislature if the petition is signed by more than 5% and less than 8%, and giving the 

 governor, as in Oklahoma, the power to call a special election for initiative measures; an 

 amendment providing for woman suffrage; one for the recall of all elected officers (178,115 



