COLORADO 781 



police, March 17, 1912. On May 7th, two policemen watching a lodging house fre- 

 quented by radicals were shot from ambush. Camps outside the city were established 

 to turn back Industrial Workers, and a " vigilance " system was organised. Dr. Ben 

 Reitman, an aide of Emma Goldman, was tarred and feathered and driven out of the 

 city on May 15; Mrs. Goldman left the city immediately afterwards without lecturing 

 on " free speech," as she intended; and there were riots in the city on the 27th. Six 

 leaders of the Industrial Workers were convicted of felony on August fi. In the mean- 

 time a special commissioner reported to Governor Johnson that the city authorities were 

 blameworthy for arbitrary treatment of the speakers, and the governor instructed the 

 attorney-general to restore law and order. He threatened to declare military law and 

 began an action against the vigilantes, but the grand jury adjourned without finding 

 an indictment. A negro was lynched at Bakersfield September 12, 1912, for an alleged 

 assault on a white woman. 



A civil service system was established in Oakland in 1912 with the assistance of two 

 members of the Chicago civil service board. In 1911 an efficiency department was 

 established in Pasadena. 



Bibliography. Statutes and Amendments to the Codes (2 vols., Sacramento, 1911-12) and 

 other official reports. F. Hichborn, Story of the California Legislature of igop (San Fran- 

 cisco, 1909), and Story of the California Legislature of ipn (ibid., 1911); Helen T. Purdy, 

 San Francisco: As It Was; As It Is; and How To See It (San Francisco, 1912); John Muir, 

 The Yosemite (1912); J. S. Chase, Yosemite Trails (Boston, 1911); D. W. Johnson, "The 

 Hanging Valleys of the Yosemite" in November and December 1911, Bulletin of American 

 Geographical Society; K. B. Judson, Myths and Legends of California and the Old South- 

 west (1912); J. B. Richman, California Under Spain and Mexico, 1535-1847 (Boston and 

 New York, 1911); L. Eaves, A History of California Labor Legislation (Berkeley, 1910). 



COLORADO 1 



Population in 1910, 799,024 (48% more than in 1900). The greatest relative in- 

 crease since 1900 was 635.9% m Cheyenne county, on the E. boundary. In 14 counties 

 in the central part of the state and near the S.W. corner there were actual decreases 

 (59.9% in Hinsdale county). In 1910 82.2% of the population were native whites and 

 i. 4% : negroes; 15.9% were whites of foreign birth and 22.7% were whites of foreign 

 parentage. The average density of population was 7.7 to the sq. m. There were 27 

 cities and towns with more than 2,500 inhabitants each, and these contained 50.7% of 

 the total (in 1900, 20 with 48.3%). The purely rural population increased more than 

 45% in the decade, but was only 37.2% of the total. There were n cities with more 

 than 5,000 each: Denver, 213,381 (133,859 in 1900); Pueblo, 44,395 (28,157 in 1900); 

 Colorado Springs, 29,078; Trinidad, 10,204 (5>3.4S * n I 9)> Boulder, 9,539; Fort Collins, 

 8,210; Greeley, 8,179; Grand Junction, 7,754; Leadville, 7,508; Cripple Creek, 6,206; 

 Canon City, 5,162. 



Agriculture. The acreage in farms increased from 9,474,588 to 13,532,113 between 1900 

 and 1910, and the improved land in farms from 2,273,968 to 4,302,101; the average farm 

 acreage fell from 383.6 to 293.1; and the value of farm property increased from 8161,045,101 

 to $491,471,806 ($362,822,205 land; $45,696,656 buildings; $12,791,601 implements; and 

 $70,161,344 domestic animals). In 1910 one-fifth of the land area was in farms; 36,993 farms 

 were operated by owners, 787 by managers and 8,390 by tenants. The average value of farm 

 land per acre (exclusive of buildings) was $26.81. The total acreage irrigated in 1909 was 

 2,792,032 (73.3% more than in 1899); of this total 2,758,283 were supplied from streams. 

 The total cost of irrigation enterprises to July I, 1910 was $56,636,443, and the estimated 

 final cost of improvements begun was $76,443,239. Of cereals 42.6% by acreage in 1909 

 was grown on irrigated land, and of oats, 69.7 %; of barley, 68.3%; of hay and forage crops, 

 74.8% and of alfalfa, 04.4%; "wild, salt or prairie grasses," 75.9%; of sugar beets, 99% and 

 of potatoes, 69 %. There is an irrigation demonstration farm at Eads, Kiowa county. The 

 Gunnison tunnel of the (Federal) Uncompahgre Valley project (see E. B. vi, 72ob), was 

 completed "for present use" in June 1910, and in November 1912 the entire project was 

 56.2 % completed. Preliminary work is being done on the Grand Valley project (Mesa 

 county) to irrigate 53,000 acres by tunnels from the Grand river. In 1912 (preliminary esti- 

 mates) the principal crops were: Indian corn, 8,736,000 bu. (420,000 A.); wheat, 10,968,000 

 bu. (453,000 A.); oats, 12,412,000 bu. (290,000 _A.); [barley, 2,964,000 bu. (76,000 A.); rye, 



1 See E. B. vi, 717 el seq. 



