834 MASSACHUSETTS 



for Taft. In November Woodrow Wilson carried the state, receiving 173,408 votes to 

 155,948 for Taft, 142,228 for Roosevelt and 12,616 for Debs (who got 10,781 votes in 

 1908). Of the 16 congressmen (14 under the previous apportionment) 9 are Republicans 

 (10 in the last Congress). 



Boston (January ip, 1911), North Adams, Lowell and Lawrence (December 19, 

 1911) voted for the licence of liquor. On October 14, 1912, Revere voted for annexation 

 to Boston. On December 3, 1912, municipal elections were held in 14 cities and mayors 

 were re-elected in more than half of these. " No licence " was voted in Quincy, and 

 licence in Gloucester On December 10 municipal elections were held in 15 cities, 12 

 of which chose mayors. On the liquor question there was but one change, Newburyport 

 going "wet" (by 3 votes) for the first time in 7 years. The " bar and bottle " law of 1910^ 

 forbidding the sale of bottled liquors (or those to be taken away) in saloons where in- 

 toxicants are drunk, went into effect May i, 1911; this has resulted in the immediate 

 decrease of the number of licences issued and in force. In the 191 1 election an unsuccess- 

 ful attempt was made to recall Mayor John Francis Fitzgerald of Boston under the 

 provision of the 1909 charter that in the middle of the mayor's four-year term there 

 shall be a vote whether he be recalled. 



An act reducing the maximum working hours for women and children from 56 to 

 54 hours a week although the maximum was still 58 in New Hampshire and 60 in 

 Vermont went into effect January i, 1912. Due notice of this change was given, 

 but in the textile mills of Lawrence apparently no notice was given of a cut in wages 

 following the reduction in hours (applied to all employees, as more than half were women 

 and children). The cut in pay aggravated previous discontent with the bonus or 

 premium system, giving extra pay for increased output if not more over one day's work 

 were lost; and on January n a strike began, in which 14,000 employees joined in the 

 first few weeks; 23,000 were concerned at the most and about 17,000 were out when 

 the strike practically closed March 14. There was little organisation when the strike 

 began; a mule spinners' union and some other crafts, mostly English speaking, included 

 2,500 men, these were affiliated with the American Federation of Labor, which did 

 not cooperate in the strike and whose representative, John Golden, head of the Tex- 

 tile Workers of America, left Lawrence as soon as the strike began and denounced it as rev- 

 olutionary; and the Industrial Workers of the World had organised a few of the less 

 skillful workmen regardless of crafts probably it had 300 paid up members on its rolls at 

 the beginning of the strike. The municipal police were unused to strikes, and on Jan- 

 uary 1 5 the local militia was called out for patrol duty. Five days later Joseph J. Ettor 

 (b. 1887) of New York City, one of the 5 members of the general executive board of the 

 Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.), came to Lawrence to lead the strike. In 

 a riot (January 29) Anna Lopizzo was killed probably by a stray bullet, and two days 

 later Ettor and his assistant, Arturo Giovannitti, were arrested as accessories to the 

 murder; the control of the strike then passed to William D. Haywood, an I.W.W. leader 

 formerly prominent in the Western Federation of Miners and in its strikes in Colorado 

 and Idaho. On January 30, a Syrian boy was bayonetted because he did not "move 

 on." The same day Governor Foss (and February 8 a joint committee of the legisla- 

 ture) attempted intercession. To secure sympathy and to lessen the number to be 

 supported in Lawrence, a plan which had been used in Europe was adopted partly on 

 the suggestion of the (Socialist) New York Call and children were shipped to sympa- 

 thisers in other cities about 120, February 10, to New York City, and later, 30 to Barrc, 

 Vermont, 40 to Philadelphia, 90 more to New York and 40 to Manchester, New Hamp- 

 shire. A newly appointed chief of police stopped the sending of more children, and a 

 city magistrate ruled that the parents' action might be considered neglect. A Federal 

 enquiry into the action of the municipal authorities in preventing children from leaving 

 the city was ordered February 27, 1912. After nearly ten weeks the strike ended with 

 a victory for the workmen, an advance of wages in nearly all the textile mills of New 

 England and a change of the premium system so that it applies to two-week (instead 

 of four week) periods. The president of the American Woolen Company of Lawrence, 



