836 MICHIGAN 



48.9 to the sq. m. The proportion in purely rural territory decreased from 49.0% to 

 42.6% in 1900-10. In 1910 the 24 places of 10,000 or more were: Detroit, 465,766 (285,- 

 704 in 1900); Grand Rapids, 112,571; Saginaw, 50,510; Bay City, 45,166 (27,628 in 

 1900); Kalamazoo, 39,4375 Flint, 38,550 (13,103 in 1900); Jackson, 31,433; Lansing, 

 31,229 (16,485 in 1900); Battle Creek, 25,267; Muskegon, 24,062; Port Huron, 18,863; 

 Ann Arbor, 14,817; Pontiac, 14,532; Escanaba, 13,194; Ironwood, 12,821; Alpena, 

 12,706; Sault Ste. Marie, 12,615; Ishpeming, 12,448; Manistee, 12,381; Traverse City, 

 12,115; Marquette, 11,503; Adrian, 10,763; Menominee, 10,507; and Holland, 10,490. 



Agriculture. The acreage in farms increased from 17,561,698 to 18,940,614 between 1900 

 and 1910 and the improved land in farms from 11,799,250 to 12,832,078; the average farm 

 acreage increased from 86.4 to 91.5, and the value of farm property from $690,355, 734 to 

 $1,088,858,379 ($615,258,348 land; $285,879,951 buildings; $49,916,285 implements; $137,- 

 803,795 domestic animals). Of the land area 51.5% was in farms. The average value of 

 farm land per acre was $32.48. Farms were operated largely by owners (172,310 by owners, 

 1,961 by managers and 32,689 by tenants). .In 1912 (preliminary estimates) the principal 

 crops were: Indian corn, 55,250,000 bu. (1,625,000 A.); wheat, 7,000,000 (700,000 A.); 

 oats, 51,826,000 bu. (1,485,000 A.); barley, 2,262,000 bu. (87,000 A.); rye, 4,921,000 bu. 

 (370,000 A.); buckwheat, 1,088,000 bu. (64,000 A.); potatoes, 36,750,000 bu. (350.000 A.); 

 hay, 3,185,000 tons (2,395,000 A.) and sugar beets, 1,443,856 tons (145,837 A.). In 1909 

 (U.S. Census) the value of chicory was $70,020 (1,584 A.); of mint, $194,391 (6,360 A.); of 

 vegetables (excluding potatoes), $6,286,645; of flowers and plants, $1,143,764; of small fruits, 

 $2,028,865; of orchard fruits, $9,020,842 (apples, $5,969,080); of grapes, $1,531,057. On 

 January I, 1912 there were on farms: 634,000 horses, 4,000 mules, 806,000 milch cows, 

 701,000 other neat cattle, 2,276,000 sheep and 1,382,000 swine. 



Laws of 1911 permit the incorporation of mutual insurance companies against damage by 

 hail; exempt private forest reserves from taxation; and permit county boards of supervisors 

 to levy a tax to advertise the agricultural conditions of the county. Juvenile corn growing 

 associations have accomplished much in. the state since 1908. Since 1904 there has been a 

 Michigan Corn Improvement Association.. 



Mineral Products. Total value, 1911, $65,077,232. The largest item was copper, 218,- 

 185,236 Ibs. ($27,273,155), a little less than in 1910 and ranking the state 3rd in copper produc- 

 tion. From copper lodes were taken 497,281 oz. of silver, about one-half more than in 1910. 

 The state ranked 2nd (to Minnesota) in the amount of iron ore, 8,944,393 tons ($23,808,935), 

 which was nearly one-half less than in 1910. The output of pig iron was 304,654 tons ($4,- 

 672,799; not incfuded in the total given above). When the state board of tax commissioners 

 appraised the mining property of the state in 1911 it was estimated that the reserves of iron 

 ore in mines were 124,598,164 tons, omitting ores of 40% grade which can be mined in the 

 Gogebic and Marquette ranges. The output of coal was 1,476,074 tons ($2,791,461). The 

 value of salt, $2,455,983, was greater than that in any other state, though the amount was 

 less than that of New York. Cement (all Portland) was valued at $3,024,676, from II pro- 

 ducing plants. Clay products (almost entirely brick and tile) were valued at $2,083,932. 

 The state ranked 3rd in the output of gypsum and 2nd in grindstones and scythestones. A 

 little graphite is prepared from graphitic slate. 



Manufactures. In 1904-09 the number of manufactories increased from 7446 to 9,159 

 and that of persons engaged in manufacturing from 200,196 (175,229 wage-earners) to 

 271,071 (231,499 wage-earners); the capital invested from $337,894,000 to $583,947,000 

 (72.8%); and the value of products from $429,120,000 to $685,109,000. In 1909 the staU 

 ranked 7th in the value of all products, and as in 1904, 1st in the manufacture of automobiles, 

 with 38. 8% (in 1904, 26.6%)of the value of the country's total. Theoutputin 1909, $96,651,000, 

 was more than 12 times as much as in 1904. Nearly one-eleventh of the state's product value; 

 in 1909 was the value, $61,514,000, of lumber and timber. Furniture was valued at $28,642,- 

 ooo ($12,630,000 from Grand Rapids). Other items were: foundry and machine-shop prod- 

 ucts, $45,399,000; tobacco, mostly cigars and cigarettes, $16,179,000; leather, $15,331,000; 

 paper and wood-pulp, $13,922,000; brass and bronze products, $13,890,000, ranking the stato 

 3rd in this industry; patent medicines, etc., $13,475,000 in this industry Michigan ranked 

 2nd; slaughtering and meat-packing, $13,435,000; chemicals, $12,890,000, ranking the state 

 4th; food-preparations, $11,492,000; beet-sugar, $10,477,000, being more than one-fifth the 

 output of the entire country. The principal manufacturing cities were: Detroit, $252,992,- 

 ooo, in 1909 the 6th manufacturing city of the country; Grand Rapids, $42,231,000, of 

 which three-tenths was the value of furniture; Flint, $24,118,000, three-fourths being auto- 

 mobiles, carriages and wagons; Battle Creek, $20,174,000, nearly one- half being food prep- 

 arations; Saginaw, $18,833,000, principally beet-sugar and lumber; Kalamazoo, $17,904,000, 

 paper and wood-pulp, and corsets; Lansing, $16,567,000, one-half automobiles; Jackson, 

 $14,006,000, one-third automobiles; and Bay City, $10,294,000, lumber. 



Transportation. Railway mileage, January I, 1912, 9,100.98. The Federal govern- 

 ment widened St. Mary's river in 1911 and in 1912 practically completed improvements in 



