MINNESOTA 839 



sive votes were cast, but the Republican organisation was Progressive in character. 

 The presidential preferential primary law of 1912 (approved March zoth) did not go 

 into effect for 90 days (although it provided for a primary on the first Monday of April 

 1912) since it did not receive the two-thirds vote necessary to make it an emergency 

 measure immediately in effect. At the Republican state convention at Bay City 

 (April nth) the Taft and Roosevelt factions quarrelled so violently that troops had to 

 be ordered out. It chose two district :delegations-at-large to the National Convention, 

 where (June i2th) the 6 delegates instructed for Taft were seated in spite of the pro- 

 tests of the " Progressives." Amos S. Musselman was nominated for governor by the 

 Republicans, Woodbridge Nathan Ferris (b. 1853; head of Ferris Institute, Big Rapids, 

 since 1901; candidate for governor 1904) by the Democrats, and L. Whitney Watkins 

 by the Progressives, who put in the field a ticket of 1 2 congressional candidates. Gov- 

 ernor Osborn had first endorsed Woodrow Wilson but later turned to Roosevelt, who 

 carried the state by 214,584 votes to 150,751 for V/ilson, 152,244 for Taft and 23,211 for 

 Debs (11,586 in 1908). But Ferris, the Democratic candidate for governor, was elected 

 by 194,017 votes to 169,963 for Musselman and 155,372 for Watkins, being far ahead of 

 the rest of the state ticket, which was defeated. The (Republican) legislature re-elected 

 (Jan. 14, 1913) to the United States Senate William Alden Smith (b. 1859), who had suc- 

 ceeded Russell A. Alger in 1907; the choice of the Democratic primaries was Alfred Luck- 

 ing. The congressional delegation (13 under the new apportionment, including i at-large 

 instead of 12 as before) will be 9 Republicans, 2 Democrats and 2 Progressives. 



The union employees, numbering 6,000, of the furniture factories of Grand Rapids, 

 went on strike April 19, 1911 and stayed out for 17 weeks. Upon the report of a citizens' 

 committee several employers agreed to a 9-hour day. The economic effect of the 

 strike was felt immediately in reduced municipal appropriations for public schools, etc. 



In Grand Rapids the City Plan commission submitted to the mayor and common 

 council a report for a city plan made by Carrere and B runner April 7, 1909. There has 

 been no organised movement to carry this plan into effect. Detroit has a city plan and 

 improvement commission, created in 1909, and in 1912 this was considering a new city 

 plan. 



Bibliography. Public Acts (2 vols., Lansing, 1911 and 1912); other reports, notably that 

 of the Employers' Liability Commission; the Michigan Manual (1911); Harriette M. Dilla. 

 The Politics of Michigan, 1865-78, in Columbia University Studies. 



MINNESOTA ' 



Population (1910) 2,075,708 (18.5% more than in 1900); 99.2% being whites, 0.3% 

 negroes, and 0.5 % Indians and Asiatics. The percentage of native whites changed from 

 70.4% to 73% in 1900-10, and of foreign-born whites from 28.8% to 26.2%. Density 

 25.7 to the sq. m. The urban population in 48 municipalities each having 2,500 or more 

 was 41% of the whole (in 1900 in 37 cities 34.1%). The purely rural population de- 

 creased from 50.8% to 43.3%. There were in 1910 24 municipalities of 5,000 or more 

 as follows: Minneapolis, 301,408 (202,718 in 1900); St. Paul, 214,744 (163,065 in 1900); 

 Duluth, 78,466 (52,969 in 1900); Winona, 18,583; St. Cloud, 10,600; Virginia, 10,473 

 (2,962 in 1900); Mankato, 10,365; Stillwater, 10,198; Red Wing, 9,048; Faribault, 

 9,001; Hibbihg (village), 8,832 (2,481 in 1900); Brainerd, 8,526; Rochester, 7,844; 

 Chisholm (village), 7,684; CfookstOn, 7,559; Eveleth, 7,036 (2,752 in 1900); Cloquet, 

 7,031; Austin, 6,960; Fergus Falls, 6,887; Albert Lea, 6,192; Little Falls, 6,078; Owaton- 

 na, 5,658; New Ulm, 5,648; and Bemidji, 5,099 (2,183 in 1900). 



Agriculture. The acreage in farms increased from 26,248,498 to 27,675,823 between 1900 

 and 1910; the improved land in farms from 18,442,585 to 19,643,533; the average farm 

 acreage from 169.7 to 177.3 and the value of farm property from 788,684,642 to $1,476,411,- 

 737 (81,019,102,027 land; $243,339,399 buildings; $52,329,165 implements; $161,641,146 

 domestic animals). Of the land area 53.5% was in farms. The average value of farm land 

 per acre was $36.82. Farms were operated largely by owners (122,104 by owners, 1,222 by 

 managers and 32,81 1 by tenants). In 1912 (preliminary estimates) the principal crops were. 

 Indian corn, 78,177,000 bu. (2,266,000 A.); wheat, 67,038,000 bu. (4,325,000 A.); oats, 122, 



1 See E. B. xviii, 548 et seq 



