NEW YORK 873 



ment, i,457.39i, the average daily attendance, 1,164,992, and the average school year about 

 169 days. The total expenditures were $59,063,976. 



In 1910 the percentage of illiteracy (10 years of age and over) was 5.5, as in 1900. 



Elmer Ellsworth Brown (b. 1861), U. S. Commissioner of Education in 1906-11, was 

 chosen chancellor of New York University on April 24, 19! I, and was installed on November 

 9. -In 1911 Columbia University became closely affiliated with the Presbyterian Hospital, 

 and received the bequest of Joseph Pulitzer for the establishment of a school of journalism, 

 which opened for instruction in the autumn of 1912, with Talcott Williams (b. 1849) of the 

 Philadelphia Press (since 1881) as its head. In 1912 a dramatic museum was established in 

 Philosophy Hall of Columbia University. A "Politics Laboratory" was established at 

 Columbia in 1911. A gift of George F. Baker (b. 1840), a banker of New York City, made in 

 November 1912, will be used to ally the Cornell Medical College and the New York Hospital. 

 The Crocker Research Fund of Columbia University for study of cancer was announced late 

 in 1912 to amount to $1,565,635; it was supplemented in the same year by a bequest of 

 Augustus W. Openhym. The cornerstone of a dispensary at Syracuse University was laid 

 December 14, 1912. Hamilton College, Clinton, celebrated its centennial in 1912 and 

 planned to make its entrance requirements broader and, beginning in 1913, to introduce a 

 group system of electives in the second, third and fourth years of the course; Greek is still 

 required for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, but the degrees of Ph.B. and B.S. are given 

 without Greek. In September 1912 the College of St. Francis Xavier in New York City 

 became a part of Fordham University, though each kept its former name and charter. 



Penal and Charitable Institutions. In 1911 an investigation of state prisons and prison 

 industries resulted in the discovery of much corruption and mismanagement and in the 

 resignation of the state prison commissioner Cornelius V. Collins. In 1911 a new law was 

 passed for the government of Letchworth Village and in 1912 one for the Woman's Relief 

 Corps Home at Oxford. The name of the commission in lunacy was changed to the State 

 Hospital Commission; and its medical member became practically president of the commis- 

 sion. In 1911 a farm industrial colony for tramps and vagrants was established, and in 1912 

 a state reformatory for misdeameanants, for which $50,000 was appropriated. A site in 

 Dutchess county, 821 acres, 20 m. S. of Poughkeepsie, was approved by the governor in 

 September 1912. The Great Meadows prison, at Comstock, Washington county, was opened 

 in 1911. A Bureau of Deportation, created in 1912, may order the deportation of insane 

 immigrants. The board of parole may issue an absolute discharge to any paroled prisoner 

 -formerly this could be done only if the prisoner had an indeterminate sentence. In Nov. 

 1912 a site for the New York City farm for inebriates (controlled by a board created in 1910) 

 was chosen in Orange county, near Greycourt, 60 m. from the city. In 1912 work was 

 begun on a laboratory of social hygiene at the Bedford (state) reformatory for women. 



The legislature of 1911 incorporated the Phelps-Stokes fund for the erection of tenements, 

 etc. under the will of Caroline Phelps-Stokes, who died in 1893; and the Carnegie corporation, 

 to which Andrew Carnegie has delegated the work of carrying on his various philanthropies, 

 to which he gave $25,000,000, November IO, 1911, and $100,000,000 in the following year, 

 and which he has made his residuary legatee. In 1912 the principal appropriations were 

 $770,000 for the maintenance of the state prison; for the state hospitals $5,804,891, and for 

 charitable institutions including reformatories, asylums, etc., $1,999,929. The total number 

 of inmates in state charitable and reformatory institutions, not including insane asylums, 

 on September 30, 1912 was 10,744 (10,625 in I 9 11 )- 



A Free Employment Bureau in Schenectady was established on January 24, 1912 and 

 on March 7 was transferred from the charities department to the department of public works. 



History. On January i, 191 1 John Alden Dix (b. 1860; Democratic candidate for 

 lieutenant-governor in 1908; manufacturer of wall paper and lumber), the first Democrat 

 to hold the office since 1894, was inaugurated governor. The legislature was strongly 

 Democratic in both houses for the first time in 17 years. Its session, the longest in the 

 history of the state, lasting until October 5th, was broken by two recesses, one following 

 the partial destruction of the state capitol by fire on March zgih, when the state library 

 was almost totally destroyed and there was a loss of several millions of dollars, and 

 another during the month of August. Under the control of the leaders of Tammany 

 Hall, the Democratic organisation in New York City, a mass of partisan primary and 

 electoral legislation was introduced; some of the bills were to eliminate bi-partisan 

 boards and replace them with partisans appointed by the governor, and others were 

 salary " grab " bills, especially for New York City. Some passed, but were subsequently 

 partially invalidated by the courts, because of faulty drafting or flagrant violations of 

 the constitution; others, notably the proposed New York City charter, which was backed 

 by Tammany and favoured by Mayor Gaynor, and the cardinal aim of which was to 

 increase the powers of the mayor and lessen those of the existing city officers elected on 



