89 6 PENNSYLVANIA 



cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants, about one-eighth in the 8 cities between $o,ooc 

 and 500,000, about one-fifth in the 53 places between 10,000 and 50,000, and an- 

 other fifth in the 200 places between 2,500 and 10,000 (84 between 5,000 and 10,000 

 and 116 between 2,500 and 5,000). 



The following places had more than 25,000 each: Philadelphia, 1,549,008 (1,293,- 

 697 in 1900); Pittsburg, 533,905 (451,512 in 1900); Scranton, 129,867; Reading, 96, 

 071; Wilkes-Barre, 67,105; Erie, 66,525; Harrisburg, 64,186; Johnstown, 55,482; Al- 

 toona, 52,127; Allentown, 51,913; Lancaster, 47,227; York, 44,750; McKeesport, 412,'- 

 694; Chester, 38,537; New Castle, 36,280; Williamsport, 31,860; Easton, 28,523; Norris- 

 town (borough), 27,875; Shenandoah (borough), 25,774; Hazleton, 25,452. 



Agriculture. The acreage in farms decreased from 19,371,015 to 18,586,832 between 1906 

 and 1910 and the improved land in farms from 13,209,183 to 12,673,519; the average farm 

 acreage fell from 86.4 to 84.8; and the value of farm property increased from $1,051,629,173 

 to $1,253,274,862 (630,430,010 land; 410,638,745 buildings; 70,726,055 implements: 

 $141,480,052 domestic animals). Of the land area 64.8 % was in farms in 1910. The average 

 value of farm land per acre was 33.92. Farms were operated largely by owners (164,229 

 by owners, 3,951 by managers and 51,105 by tenants). In 1912 (preliminary estimates) 

 the principal crops were: Indian corn, 61,582,000 bu. (1,449,000 A.); wheat, 22,320,000 bu. 

 (1,240,000 A.); oats, 36,377,000 bu. (1,099,000 A.); barley, 192,000 bu. (7,000 A.); rye, 4,935,- 

 ooo bu. (282,000 A.); buckwheat, 7,405,000 bu. (306,000 A.); potatoes, 28,885,000 bu. (265,- 

 ooo A.); hay, 4,537,000 tons (3,173,000 A.); and tobacco, 64,090,000 Ibs. (44,200 A.). In 

 1909 (U.S. Census) the value of vegetables other than potatoes was 10,013,920; of flowers 

 and plants; $3,803,418; nursery products, 922,569; small fruits, 1,175,016 (strawberries, 

 $759.1.54; currants, 272,337); orchard fruits, $8,677,986 (apples, 5,557,616; peaches and 

 nectarines, 1,351,175; cherries, 909,975; plums and prunes, 396,005, and pears 356,240); 

 grapes, 850,708. On Jan. I, 1912 there were on farms: 572,000 horses, 44,000 mules, 943,000 

 milch cows, 627,000 other neat cattle, 883,000 sheep and 1,141,000 swine. 



The state college, co-operating with the Federal department of agriculture, carries on 

 investigations in animal nutrition, and manufactures Swiss types of cheese. The Federal 

 department has a field dairy laboratory at Troy, Bradford county. In 1911 the legislature 

 passed a law requiring that apiaries be inspected twice each summer and forbidding the keep- 

 ing of diseased bees, and created a commission to investigate chestnut blight; it appropriated 

 850,000 a year for encouraging agriculture through county commissioners. In February 1912 

 a conference representing 20 states was held at Harrisburg to consider what could be done 

 to check the chestnut tree blight. In September a report was made to the governor by the 

 commission which said that no remedy had yet been found but that attempts to arrest the 

 progress of the disease had met with some success. 



Mineral Products. Total value, 1911, 414,112,373. In coal the state ranked 1st with 

 90,464,067 tons of anthracite (175,189,392) and 144,754,163 tons of bituminous (146,347,- 

 858); in natural gas, 2nd, 18,010,796 (less than in any year since 1903); and in petroleum, 

 5th, 10,894,074 (less than in 1910). A company at Dickson City in 1911 manufactured 

 more than one-third of the briquettes made in the country; another briquette plant at 

 Lansford was rebuilt in 1911. In pig iron Pennsylvania ranked 1st, with 9,581,109 tons 

 valued at $136,328,507 (not included in the grand total). The value of iron ore was 539,553 

 (514,929 tons). In slate the state ranked 1st with an output valued at 3,431,351, three- 

 fifths of the total for the country; and it was 1st in sand and gravel (3,025,267), 2nd in clay 

 products, $20,270,033 (more than one-tenth being pottery), 1st in Portland cement, $19,306,- 

 349 (the state has two large natural cement plants), and in stone, 8,147,505 (more than one- 

 tenth of the total), the largest item being limestone (5,243,045), and 1st in lime 2,688,374 

 (more than one-sixth of the country's total). 



Manufactures. In the value of products manufactured Pennsylvania has ranked 2nd 

 since 1859 and in 1909 was 2nd to New York. In 1904-09 the number of establishments 

 increased from 23,495 to 27,563 and that of persons engaged in manufacturing from 855,392 

 to 1,002,171 (wage-earners from 763,282 to 877,543); capital invested from $1,995,837,000 

 to 2,749,006,000; and value of products from $1,955,551,000 to 2,626,742,000. One-third 

 of this total was reported from three industries, in each of which the state ranked 1st: iron 

 and steel works, including rolling-mills, 500,344,000, being more than one-half the country's 

 total for this industry; foundry and machine-shops, 210,746,000 and iron and steel from 

 blast furnaces 168,578,000 (56.9% more than in 1904), being nearly four-fifths of the total 

 for the country. Other industries were: tanning, currying and finishing leather, $77,926,000, 

 the state ranking 1st in this industry; the manufacture of woollen, worsted and felt goods, 

 $77,447,000; car construction and repairing by steam railway companies, 76,035,000; silk 

 manufacture, 62,061,000 (57.8% more than in I9C4); lumber and timber, $57,454,000; refin- 

 ing petroleum, $53,088,000, Pennsylvania ranking 2nd; slaughtering and meat-packing, $51,- 

 851,000; coke manufacture, 5 1, 8 1 6,000, in which the state ranked 1st; tobacco manufactures, 

 $50,161,000; hosiery and knit goods, 49,658,000, in which the state was 2nd; brewing malt 



