942 HAWAII 



1910 to 1911 was about 100%, a'nd the 1912 total was less than half that of 1911. The chief 

 foreign trade is with Japan. Sugar is the great staple of commerce; 1,172,510,960 Ibs. of 

 raw sugar valued at 48,143,530, and 32,954,550 Ibs. of refined sugar valued at $1,817,979 

 were exported to the United States. Next in importance is the export trade in fruits and 

 nuts. Merchandise from the United States was shipped mostly from San Francisco, about 

 two-thirds of the total; most of the remainder being from Puget Sound and from New York. 



Other Industries. New industries in the Territory are the manufacture of bricks from lava 

 rock, of brooms from broom-corn, and of stock-food from algaroba pods. The scientific 

 production of sugar has been accompanied by the manufacture of excellent sugar-mill machin- 

 ery which is finding favour in the Orient; a considerable quantity is exported annually to the 

 Philippine Islands. In 1909 there were 500 manufacturing establishments (222 in 1899), 

 giving employment to 5,904 wage-earners (3,655 in 1899), with a capital of $23,875,000 

 (10,746,000 in 1899) and a product valued at $47,404,000 (twice that of 1899). Three- 

 fourths of the total value was that of 46 sugar manufactories. The other larger industries 

 were: cleaning and polishing rice, $2,239,000; canning and preserving pineapples, 1,591,000, 

 with great increases since 1909; and slaughtering and meat-packing, $864,000. Less than 

 one-fourth of the total product value was that of factories in Honolulu ($10,705,000). 



Transportation. In 1912 an American company, the Oceanic, resumed running two 

 steamers from San Francisco to Australia, calling once a month at Honolulu. The Balfour 

 Line, a British Company, started a service, in 191011, between Europe and Pacific Coast 

 ports by way of Honolulu. The Union Oil Co., operating 9 tank steamers and barges, has 

 engaged in the transportation of crude oil from Port San Luis to Hawaii, a traffic also car- 

 ried on (from Monterey) by the vessels of the Associated Oil Co. The Oahu Railway & 

 Land Co. has extended its mileage to \\2% m., and on Hawaii Island the Hilo Railroad Co. 

 is building from Hilo northward through one of the most thickly populated parts of the 

 Territory a line which will probably be completed in 1913. A street railway in Hilo has been 

 chartered. Wagon roads are constantly being improved and extended. The Federal 

 government is improving Honolulu, Pearl, Hilo and (on Maui) Kahului harbours; in Decem- 

 ber 1911 the 35 ft. channel at Pearl Harbour was completed, work on a dry dock (large 

 enough for any ship that can pass the Panama locks) and on the naval station there was 

 tinder way, and the "California," the first large war-vessel, used the harbour. In the fiscal 

 year 1913 it is estimated that the projected defenses will be 90% completed. Interisland 

 traffic is carried on almost entirely by the vessels of the Interisland Steam Navigation Co. 

 which ply regularly among the ports of the Territory. The service is constantly being 

 improved to meet the demands of increasing traffic. 



Legislation. Recent acts of the legislature have had to do chiefly with the schools, 

 public health, local government, taxation, public works, and immigration. The Terri- 

 tory and the counties now rest each upon its own independent financial basis with an 

 elastic system of taxation and with the revenues of each varying according to its needs. 

 Adequate appropriations have been made for water and sewer-works, wharfs and 

 harbour improvements, roads, and public buildings, which had been somewhat neglected 

 for several years. The bureau of immigration has been elevated to a department 

 of immigration, labour, and statistics, with greatly enlarged powers. A law of 1911 

 makes interference with workmen under contract a ground for damages and enticing 

 of workmen a misdemeanour. New and important laws have been enacted on the sub- 

 ject of general sanitation, tuberculosis, pure food, and other hygienic matters. Three 

 new forest reserves were created in 1911-12 aggregating 85,062 acres, and several new 

 forest reserves were to be set aside in 1913. In 1911 and 1912 the governor urged the 

 creation of a national park to include Kilauea (60 sq. m.) and Mauna Loa (28 sq. m.). 

 The Hawaiian Islands Reservation for birds, created February 3, 1909, at the western 

 end of the archipelago, was studied in 1911 by an expedition from Iowa State University 

 (see Year-Book U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1911, pp. 155-164). 



Finance. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912, the Territory's bonded debt was in- 

 creased by the issue of $1,500,000 in 20-30 year 4% bonds for public improvements and was 

 cut by the payment of $50,000 of the 1903 4% fire-claims bonds, so that the outstanding 

 bonded debt was then $5,454,000, that is 3.93% of the assessed valuation. The legal 

 maximum is 7 % of the assessed valuation. Territorial bonds are now acceptable at par 

 (but not above market value), instead of 90 %, as security for United States deposits in nation- 

 al banks. The sinking fund at the beginning of the year was $79,086. Expenditures were 

 $4,224,795 and receipts $3,904,503; and the current cash balance at the end of the year, 

 8690,550, with outstanding warrants for about one-tenth of this sum. 



A new tax system was begun in the last fiscal year: instead of a i% tax on real and personal 

 property, divided equally between the Territory and the counties, the general property tax 

 vanes with estimated needs; the counties get for current expenses not more than %/ Q and 



