THE PANAMA CANAL AND CANAL ZONE 943 



for improvements and current expenses not more than f % on local property, with enough 

 added to cover charges on county bonds, expense of collecting tax, etc. An income tax of 

 2 % on incomes above $1,500, a 2% inheritance tax on bequests above $5,000, and a 2% 

 insurance tax on gross premiums less expenses go to general Territorial funds, and a special 

 income tax of 2 % on incomes above $4,000 to an immigration and conservation fund. 



Commercial banking deposits increased nearly 25% and savings deposits nearly 10% 

 m the year. 



Education. The compulsory school-age has been changed from 15 to 17 years as the 

 maximum, the minimum remaining at 6. Summer schools are no longer supported by private 

 contributions but have been provided for by legislation. For public schools there is now a 

 varying tax. In 1912 the enrollment in all schools was 29,909 (one-seventh more than in 

 191.1) and in public schools, 23,752 (nearly one-sixth increase). The Territory spent $582,535 

 and the counties $47,800 on public schools $26.53 per pupil. There were 156 public and 

 51 private schools; 31.09% of the pupils were Japanese, 17.82% Portugese, 14.22% Hawaii- 

 ans and 13.63% part-Hawaiians, 10.94% Chinese. In 1911 the College of Agriculture and 

 Mechanic Arts occupied its permanent quarters in the suburbs of Honolulu, where it has 

 83.68 acres, including a dairy, poultry and swine experiment station and an astronomical 

 observatory. A building at Honolulu for the Library of Hawaii, to which Andrew Carnegie 

 gave $100,000, was completed in 1912. 



Charities. A decided improvement has been made in the morale of the leper colonies, 

 where lepers are now regarded as patients rather than as outcasts. This policy has greatly 

 increased the number of voluntary surrenders. The number of lepers was 728 (622 at 

 Molokai). In 1911, the station of the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital 

 Service on Molokai was abandoned, and the patients removed to the receiving hospital at 

 Honolulu. During the year the bacillus of leprosy was cultivated artificially, which was the 

 first confirmation of the work of Clegg and the first great advance in the study of the disease 

 since the discovery of the bacillus in 1868. Various animals were inoculated and several 

 varieties of monkeys developed the disease. Apparently it is the first time that general 

 leprosy has been developed in an animal other than man, and this will have an important bear- 

 ing on research work in the future. Serum inoculations have so far been negative. A home 

 for non-leprous girls of leprous parents, in addition to that for boys, has been established at 

 Honolulu. There are now 28 boys and 41 girls in these institutions. Improvements have been 

 made at the Molokai settlement. It now possesses churches, baseball grounds, moving-picture 

 theatres, race-tracks, stores, etc. In 1912 a new site was chosen for the Territorial prison near 

 Honolulu, to displace the building near the harbour constructed in 1857; and a new insane 

 asylum was being built. At Hilo and Honolulu there were extensive campaigns against rats 

 and mosquitoes as disease carriers. 



History. The sugar planters are the "interests" in the Territory, and in 1912 

 the Republican delegate to Congress (since 1903), Prince J. Kuhio Kalanianaole (b. 1871), 

 accused Governor Walter Francis Frear (b. 1863; governor since 1907) of being a re- 

 actionary and of favouring the " sugar trust." Secretary of the Interior Fisher in- 

 vestigated these charges during a visit to Hawaii in the autumn of 1912 and declared 

 that they were unfounded. In the November election Kalanianaole was re-elected by 

 7,023 votes to 5, 770. for Lincoln L. McCandless (Dem.). 



The Roman Catholic and Protestant Episcopal bishops have called attention to the 

 growth of Mormonism in the islands. It is alleged that the missionaries did not at 

 first announce themselves as Latter-Day Saints, but that after they had secured a 

 large following, especially among the natives, some Asiatics and some southern Euro- 

 peans, they preached polygamy, limiting the number of wives a believer might have 

 only to his ability to support them. 



Bibliography . The various publications of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of 

 Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History are extremely valuable; the earliest was issued 

 in 1901, and the newest titles are: The Volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa (1909); The 

 Making of Bark Cloth (1911), and New Hawaiian Plants (1912). See also L. A. Hallock, 

 Hawaii under King Kalakaua (New York, 1912). 



THE PANAMA CANAL AND CANAL ZONE 1 



Work on the Panama Canal is rapidly approaching completion. Although the 

 official opening has been set for January i, 1915, and the Panama-Pacific Exposition 2 



1 See E. B. xix, 666 et seq. 



2 The exposition grounds are between the Presidio and Fort Mason on Golden Gate Chan- 

 nel. The Panama-Pacific Exposition Co., capitalised at $5,000,000, is governed by a board 

 of 50 directors, assisted by state and city commissions. An architectural commission has 

 authority in major questions of plans for buildings; and Jules Guerin is "director of color" 



