PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 947 



by Americans and engaged only in foreign trade. For .the exemption of coast-wise 

 vessels in its international bearings see under Part I, section i. 



On November 14, 1912 the President promulgated a schedule of tolls: (i) $1.20 l 

 per net vessel-ton, each 100 cu. ft. of actual earning capacity, on merchant vessels with 

 passengers or cargo; (2) 40% less on merchant vessels in ballast; (3) 50 cents per dis- 

 placement ton on naval vessels; but (4) the same rate as (i), for transports, colliers, 

 hospital ships and supply ships. These tolls were based on the estimates of Emory 

 Richard Johnson (b. 1864; professor of transportation and commerce, University of 

 Pennsylvania since 1896 and a member of the Canal Commission since 1899); and they 

 are what the estimated traffic might be expected to bear rather than intended to make 

 the canal a financial success to the government. 



Bibliography. See the last annual report of the Canal Commission; Farnham Bishop, 

 Panama, Past and Present (1913) ; articles in Scientific American, November 9, 1912; World's 

 Work, August 1912; Engineering Magazine, December 1912; C. P. Markham, "The Making 

 of the Panama Canal" in Blackwoods, August 1912; Joseph Pennell's Pictures of the Panama 

 Canal (Philadelphia, 1912); and articles on sanitation in Scribner's, September 1912, by J. 

 B. Bishop, secretary of the Canal Commission, and in Survey (New York), October 5, 1912, 

 by James T. Bowles, physiologist to the Commission. 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 2 



Population. No general census -has been taken since 1903, when the total was 

 7,635,426 (see E.B. xxi, 395d). In 1910 the population of Manila was 234,409 (in 

 1903, 219,928), including 211,859 Filipinos, 14,093 Chinese, 4,174 Americans, 2,364 

 Spaniards and 644 other Europeans. 



Agriculture. In December 1911 an Act was passed creating a sugar-testing laboratory in 

 Manila, to be under the supervision of a sugar chemist who establishes standard samples of 

 classes of sugar. An irrigation code was passed in February 1912, when an irrigation council 

 was created. The chief of the bureau of insular affairs recommended in 1912 legislation to 

 increase from 16 to 50 hectares the maximum land that may be sold to individuals or that 

 may be taken as a homestead. In 1911 and 1912 a shortage in rice and in 1912 a plague of 

 locusts, especially in the southern islands, caused great distress; and legislative remedies were 

 attempted. 



Communications and Commerce. Railway construction is being pushed rapidly forward, 

 and in July 1912 1,034.9 km. were completed. The Manila Railroad Co. in the island of 

 Luzon in 1912 had 704.7 km. in operation on its northern and southern lines, and 602 km. 

 under construction or projected; and the Philippine Railway Co. finished its line on the island 

 of Panay from Iloilo to Capis (no km.) in 1910, and its Cebu line (96 km.) in 1911; in 1912 

 its total track was 251 km. Great advance has been made in the improvement of existing 

 roads, and there are now about a thousand miles of first-class highways throughout all the 

 provinces. The Philippine Commission made special appropriation for the repair of roads, 

 bridges and trails damaged by the severe typhoons of 1911. In 1912 the North German 

 Lloyd Co. established a monthly service between Manila and European ports. Zamboanga 

 harbour, Mindanao, is to be improved at a cost of $400,000. An act of Congress of March 4, 

 1911 appropriated more than $1,500,000 for batteries and defences, especially at Manila 

 and Subig bays. The Philippine legislature in 1912 voted funds, to be available if a similar 

 appropriation were made by Congress, for wireless telegraph installation in parts of the 

 islands inhabited by Moros and other non-Christian tribes. 



For the fiscal year 1912 both imports and exports were greater than ever before. The 

 gain in exports during the year was 25%, from $39, 778,629 to 50,319,836; and imports in- 

 creased in value from $49,833, 722 to 54,549,980, principally in rice, to meet famine condi- 

 tions resulting from a severe drought. Of exports about 40 % went to the Linked States, and 

 about the same amount to France, the United Kingdom and Spain. The increase was 

 principally due to larger exports of copra, sugar and cigars. Philippine copra is now an 

 important factor in the world's supply. In 1912 it was for the first time more valuable than 

 hemp, being worth $16,514,749 (hemp, $16,283,510); and about $9,600,000 worth of this was 

 sent to France, mostly Marseilles. About one-fourth as much went to the United States. 

 The export of hemp has decreased since 1910. Sugar increased in value to $10,400,575, 

 about six-sevenths going to the United States. Unmanufactured tobacco exported was 

 valued at $1,874,6917 and manufactured at $2,720,501 (about 50% more than in 1911). 

 Minor exports are hats, which go to France and the United States, maguey fibre, and mother- 

 of-pearl shells. Of the total imports about three-eighths was from the United States; second 



1 The rate in effect January i, 1913, for the Suez Canal. 



2 See E. B. xxi, 392 et seq. 



