956 



AUSTRIA 



Moravia, 2,620,914; Silesia, 756,590; Galicia, 8,022,126; Bukowina, 801,364; and Dal- 

 matia, 646,062. The principal feature revealed by the new census is again the steady 

 decrease of the rural population and the massing of the inhabitants in great towns. Thus, 

 14,130,291 or 49.5 per cent of the total population were living in places with less than 

 2000 inhabitants, while in 1900 the proportion of the rural population was 53.6 per cent. 



The number of emigrants between 1901-10 was 1,114,547; during the decade there 

 was a net loss of 660,575 persons. 



The census figures gave the population of the principal towns as follows: Vienna, 

 2,031,498; Trieste, 229,475; Prague, 224,721; Lemberg, 206,574; Graz, 151,668; Cracow, 

 150,318; Brunn, 125,008; Czernowitz, 86,870; Pilsen, 81,165; 2izkow, 72,195; Pola, 70,- 

 145; Linz, 67,859; Przemysl, 54,069; Innsbruck, 53,194; Smichow, 51,815; Salzburg, 

 36,210; Wiener-Neustadt, 32,869; Reichenberg, 36,372 



Birth rate (1910), 33.4 per thousand; death-rate 21.2; marriage rate 7.6 



Education. At the end of 1909 there were 22,241 public elementary schools with 99,658 

 teachers and 4,314,323 pupils; and 1,208 private elementary schools with 5712 teachers and 

 I 39.9 I 5 pupils. The number of children of school age was 4,744,521, and of these 254,912 

 remained without any instruction. In 8343 schools the language of instruction was Ger- 

 man; in 5917 Czech; in 3001 Polish; in 2594 Ruthenian; in 836 Slovakish; in 530 Servian; 

 in 647 Italian; in 171 Rumanian; in 3 Hungarian; in 432 schools more than one. 



In 1911-12 there were 316 gymnasia with 105,002 pupils, and 149 realschulen with 

 49,005 pupils. The number of students at the universities in the winter term 1911-12 was: 

 Vienna, 10,097; Lemberg, 5177; Prague, 4414 in the Czech university and 1965 in the Ger- 

 man one; Cracow, 3404; Graz, 2129; Innsbruck, 1327; and Czernowitz, 1229. 



Finance. The expenses of Austria have been increasing rapidly during the last few years, 

 and the budgets have been closing with large deficits. The proposals of the finance min- 

 isters for increasing revenue have not received the approval of parliament, so that the 

 only course left open was borrowing, with a consequent large increase of the public debt. 

 This increase has amounted during the last ten years to over 80,000,000. 



In 1911 the estimated revenue and expenditure were 117,437,824 and 117,474,864 

 respectively; in 1912 they were 121,541,364 and 121,528,552; in 1913, 130,730,000 on 

 both sides. At the end of 1910 the special debt of Austria was 287,981,904, and the charge 

 for interest and redemption amounted to 11,154,410 



Agriculture. The harvest of 1911 was below the average on account of the abnormal 

 drought. Of the cultivated area 25,608,700 acres were arable land; 20,345,000 acres were 

 pastures and meadows, and 17,100,000 acres were forests. The area under the chief crops 

 and their yield in 1911 were as follows: 



The produce of silk-cocoons amounted to 4,609,871 Ibs. In 1910 there were 10,159,808 

 cattle, 6,431,966 pigs, and 2,428,586 sheep. 



Minerals. In 1910 the total value of the mining products, exclusive of salt and petroleum, 

 was 13,145,000, and that of the furnace products was 5,956,000. The amounts of the 

 principal minerals and metals produced were: coal, 13,573,000 tons (14,631,000 tons in 1911); 

 lignite, 24,722,000 tons (24,863,000 tons in 1911); iron ore, 2,586,000 tons; pig iron, 1,482,- 

 ooo tons; graphite, 32,600 tons; lead, 15,200 tons, zinc, 12,200 tons; copper, 1440 tons; 

 mercury, 592 tons; gold, 391 Ibs. (401 Ibs. in 1911); silver, 109,322 Ibs.; salt, 341,000 tons. 

 In Galicia 1,737,000 tons of petroleum were extracted, valued at 1,850,000. 



The Austrian government has bought the radium-producing pitchblende mines at 

 Joachimsthal at a cost of about 94,000, and has thereby obtained what is practically a 

 world's monopoly of radium. The annual production of ore from these mines is estimated 

 at 22,000 Ibs., which should contain about 46 grains of radium. 



Industries. During recent years the sugar industry has greatly developed. The num- 

 ber of sugar refineries was 196 in 1911 and 206 in 1912. The production of sugar amounted 

 to 1,232,000 tons in 1909-10, and to 1,522,000 tons in 1910-11, of which a little over 300,000 

 tons were produced in Hungary. The area under sugar beet is also increasing yearly, being 

 1,008,000 acres in 1910-11, and 1,100,000 acres (426,000 acres being in Hungary). In 1910 

 64 new industrial companies with a capital of 5,910,000, and in 1911 58 companies with a 



