HUNGARY 



957 



capital of 5,320,000 were established. In 1910 and 1911 14 new foundries and engineering 

 works, and 14 new textile and clothing establishments were opened. The building trade 

 also snowed extraordinary activity. In 1909 there were 1999 breweries producing 434,170,- 

 ooo gallons of beer, and 51,566 distilleries producing 34,106,000 gallons of alcohol. 



Communications. At the end of 1910 Austria had 20,486 m. of railways, of which 7939 

 m. were state railways, 544 m. companies' lines worked by the state, and 3287 m. companies' 

 lines worked by the companies. The revenue from the state railways was 26,000,000. 



The length of the navigable rivers and canals was 4055 m. of which 825 m. were navigable 

 for steamers. A bill was passed by the Austrian Parliament in 1912 for extending and 

 improving the waterways and canals, on which 15,000,000 would be spent during the next 

 15 years. The principal works to be executed are in Galicia, Bohemia and Lower Austria. 

 In Galicia the completion of the Vistula canal by building a canal from Cracow to Oswiecim 

 was undertaken, and also the building of portions of navigable connection between the Oder 

 and the Dniester. Work on the Cracow-Oswiecim canal began during 1912. The works 

 in Bohemia comprise the canalisation and regulation of the middle Elbe from Melnik to 

 Jaromef, the completion of the Moldau canal in the district and town of Prague, and the 

 continuation of the Moldau canal from Prague to Stechowitz. In Lower Austria, the 

 Vienna-Danube canal is to be enlarged and a winter harbour to be built at Vienna. 



Shipping and Navigation. At the end of 1911 the mercantile marine of Austria included 

 1794 vessels of 409,864 tons, and a crew of 9776 men. Of the total 338 vessels of 390,333 

 tons were steamers, and 1456 of 19,531 tons sailing vessels. A number of 160 steamers of 

 368,916 tons were engaged in the oversea trade. At Trieste in 1911 12,998 vessels of 

 4,271,073 tons entered; of these 86 vessels of 283,176 tons were British. 



Hungary. 1 



Population. According to the census taken on December 31, 1910, Hungary had a 

 population of 20,886,487, an increase of 1,631,928 or 8.5 per cent over 1900. In 1910 

 there were 742,899 births, 490,689 deaths, and 179,537 marriages. Emigration is de- 

 creasing: (1909) 113,315, (1910) 96,324, (1911) 54,173. Allowing for the number who 

 returned the net loss was (1909) 96,330, (1910) 71,602, (1911), 23,809. 



The census figures for the principal towns were: Budapest, 880,371 ; Szeged, 118,328; 

 Szabadka, 94,610; Debreczen, 92,729; Pressburg, 78,223; Zagrab, 79,038; Temesvar, 

 72,555; Kecskemet, 66,834; Arad, 63,166; Hodmezo-Vasarhely, 62,445; Nagyvarad, 

 64,169; Kolozsvar, 60,808; Pecs, 49,822; Ujpest, 55,197; Miskolcz, 51,459; Fiume, 49,806 

 Kassa, 44,211; Bekescsaba, 42,599; Gyor, 44,300; and Brasso, 41,056. 



Education. In 1910 there were 2792 infants' schools with 243,104 infants; and 18,068 

 elementary schools with 35,554 teachers and 2,172,897 pupils. Of the 16,455 elementary 

 schools in Hungary Proper Hungarian was the language of instruction in 12,894 schools; 

 Rumanian in 2331; German in 443; Slovakish in 429; Servian in 271; Ruthenian in 69; 

 and other languages in 18 schools. There were 187 gymnasia with 63,338 pupils, and 43 

 realschulen with 14,424 pupils. The number of students at the universities in the winter 

 term 1910-11 was: Budapest, 7548; Kolozsvar, 2359; and Zagrab, 1287. A bill for the 

 establishment of universities at Pressburg and Debreczen was voted by parliament in 1911. 



Finance. The estimates for 1911-1912 were: Revenue, (1911) 69,687,797, (1912) 

 77,180,000; Expenditure, (1911) 69,685,720; (1912) 76,300,000. These figures show an 

 enormous increase both in revenue and expenditure over those of ten years before. 



The chief branches of estimated expenditure in 1912 were: National Debt, 11,903,- 

 oop; Ministry of Commerce, 19,530,000; Public Worship and Instruction, 4,035,000; 

 Ministry of War, 2,638,000; Contribution of Common Affairs, 3,751,000. 



Debt. At the end of 1909 the public debt amounted to 211,474,000. In 1910 a new 

 loan of 20,833,000 was raised. 



Agriculture. The harvest of 1911 was spoilt by fhe abnormally dry season. The fruit 

 crop was poor and bee-keeping most unsuccessful. 



The area under the chief crops and their yield in 1911 were: 



1 See E. B. xiii, 984 et seq. 



