CHINA 97 1 



against 750 in January 1911. The chief copper deposits of Katanga one of the richest 

 copper regions in the world are in the hands of the Union Miniere, which started regular 

 smelting at the Star of the Congo mine in August 1911. The company's total output of 

 copper up to May 1912 (when smelting ceased for some months) was 1,995 tons. 



One of the chief difficulties of the administration is to secure a personnel of the best 

 type; meantime many of the old agents of the Congo State have been retained. One of 

 these officials in the Tanganyika region was in April 1912 sentenced to ten years imprison- 

 ment for summarily executing eleven native prisoners, including four women and a child. 

 Other peccant officials have also been imprisoned, but in general "atrocities" are at an end. 

 A second court of appeal has been established at Elisabethville. 



See the British Consular Reports, specially Cd. 6145 (1912); E. A. J. Paque, Notre 

 Colonie: Etude pratique (Namur 1910);; J. H. Harris, Dawn in Darkest Africa (London 1912); 

 and, for current affairs, "Le Mouvement Geographique " (Brussels, weekly). 



(F. R. CANA.) 



CHINA * 



In constitutional theory Republican China, under the political reorganisation of 

 1911-12, retained the territorial heritage of the Chinese Empire intact. In spite of 

 cross-currents in Mongolia, where separatist tendencies had manifested themselves 

 before the establishment of the Republic, and ia spite of difficulties with Tibet, the 

 claim embodied in the new Chinese flag, that Chinese suzerainty is acknowledged by 

 Chinese, Manchus, Mongolians, Tibetans and Mahommedans, held good. But, amid 

 so great an upheaval, affecting the economic no less than the political and social affairs 

 of the country, any account of contemporary China is subject to the consideration that 

 it is passing through what is essentially a transitional stage.. 



Population. ^ln 1910 the Minchengpu (Ministry of the Interior) organised a census 

 of the population of the Empire. With the exception of a few districts the enumeration 

 was. every where restricted to households, and in the case of one province, Szechuan, the 

 census only covered half the total number of prefectures. By multiplying the house- 

 holds by 5 the approximate total of the population has been arrived at, and the official 

 version of the 1910 census is as follows:- 



Province. Population. Province. Population. Province. Population. 



Anhui . . . 15,705,920 Hupeh . . 24,662,665 Kweichow. . 8,857,665 



Chekiang . . 19,441,555 Kansu . . 4.533.195 Shansi : . " 9.95OJ75 



Chihli . . . 20,821,145 Kiangsi . . 17,199,365 Shantung . . 26,889,360 



Fukien . . 11,884,275 Kiangsu . . 26,918,055 Shensi . . 8,037,220 



Honan . . . 23,307,830 Kwangsi . , 5,872,720 Szechuan . . 16,392,105 



Hunan . . 21,440,820 Kwangtung . 25,208,900 Yunnan . . 7,740,070 



To the total for the Eighteen Provinces (298,862,220), was added the population of the 

 Metropolitan City and Prefectures (4,154,830), and of Manchuria, Mongolia, Banner- 

 men, &c. (9,402,975); giving an aggregate of 312,420,025. This census, within the 

 limitations noted, probably represents the nearest computation of the actual population 

 of China. To round it off, we may add 6,500,000, the Chinese estimate probably too 

 high of the population of Tibet, and 6,607,805 for the remainder of the population of 

 Szechuan, making the grand total for all Chinese territory, 325,527,830. 



The number of foreigners resident in China is given in the returns for 1911 of the 

 Maritime Customs as 153,522, the details being as follows; American 3,470, Austrian 

 385, Belgian 291, Brazilian 22, British 10,256, Danish 295, Dutch 192, French 1,925, 

 German 2,758, Hungarian 26, Italian 424, Japanese 78,306, Norwegian 246, Portuguese 

 3,224, Russian 51,221, Spanish 238, Swedish 150, others 93. 



Agriculture. The only statistics available are those that relate to the movement of 

 agricultural products through the Customs. The export abroad of cereals is not permitted, 

 and such movement as there is through the Customs represents only a small proportion of 

 the total production. The tribute rice sent to Peking from Anhui, Chekiang, Kiangsu and 

 Shantung amounted to 120,000 tons annually. Kaoliang is the staple food in Manchuria: 

 the estimated production of wheat is, however, 10,000,000 bushels. Apart from silk, the 

 chief products of China in order of export value are (the figures given being for 1911): 

 beans, including beancake, bean oil, beancurd, 7,261,276; tea, 5,161,300; cotton, 2,- 



1 See E. B. vi, 166 et seq. 



