DENMARK 983 



had stationed Chinese troops in Outer Mongolia, and was carrying out a systematic plan of 

 Chinese colonisation. These measures were resented by the Mongolians and led to overtures 

 for Russian protection or mediation in July 1911. The misguided zeal of a new Chinese 

 Amba'n still further embittered the native population, and the revolution provided the 

 Kutukhtu Lama the third highest pontiff in the Buddhist hierarchy and the spiritual ruler 

 of the Mongolians with an opportunity of proclaiming the independence of Outer Mongolia. 

 Russian troops kept the peace between the Mongolians and Chinese, and in October 1912 

 the St. Petersburg Government accorded recognition to the new State to the extent of send- 

 ing a special envoy to Urga. A Russo-Mongolian Agreement according to a semi-official 

 communique issued in St. Petersburg was concluded on November 3. Russia undertook to 

 assist Mongolia (or the Kutukhtu Lama) to maintain the autonomous regime established and 

 to admit neither the presence of Chinese troops in Mongolian territory nor colonisation by 

 Chinese. The Mongolian sovereign and Government guaranteed to Russian subjects and 

 Russian commerce the full enjoyment of their rights and privileges, and agreed that no other 

 foreign subjects in Mongolia should be granted fuller rights than those accorded to Russian 

 subjects. The Kutukhtu Lama, however, appears not to have carried the whole of Mongo- 

 lian opinion with him. A certain number of the Khans and princes both of East and West 

 Mongolia claimed incorporation for their country on equal terms in the Chinese Republic, 

 the rulers being allowed to retain their territorial and administrative power and their heredi- 

 tary titles. Mongol activity was manifested in the late autumn of 1912 on the Manchurian 

 frontier, and conflicts arose with Chinese troops. Whether this activity was merely brigand- 

 age or represented a fresh separatist movement in the West, still remained to be proved. 



Bibliography. H. T. M. Bell and H. G. W. Woodhead, The China Year Book for 1912 and 

 1913 (London); P. H. Kent, The Passing of the Manchus (1912), London; L. Lawton, Empires 

 of the Far East (1912), London; M. A. Stein, Ruins of Desert Cathay, (1912), London; H. B. 

 Morse, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire 'The Period of Conflict, 1834-1860 

 (1910), Shanghai and London; R. S. Clark and A. de C. Sowerby, Through Shen-Kan (1912), 

 London; J. O. P. Bland, Recent Events and Present Policies in China (1912), London; China 

 Under the Empress Dowager (1910), London; E. F. Fenellosa, Epochs of Chinese and Japanese 

 Art (1912), London; Rev. J. Macgowan, Men and Manners of Modern China (1912), London; 

 R. F. Johnston, Lion and Dragon in Northern China (1910), London; Mary Hooker, Behind 

 the Scenes in Peking (1912), London; Archdeacon A. E. Moule, My Half Century in China 

 (1911); Prof. E. H. Parker, Studies in Chinese Religion (1910), London; H. A. Geil, Eighteen 

 Capitals of China (1911), London; E. J. Dingle, China's Revolution, 1911-12, London; Princes 

 Der Ling, Two Years in the Forbidden City (1912), London; E. F. Borst-Smith, Caught in the 

 Chinese Revolution (1912), London; Viscount D'Ollone, In Forbidden China; translated by 

 Bernard. Miall (1912), London; Henri Borel, The New China, translated by C. Thieme (1912), 

 London; Prof. E. A. Ross, The Changing Chinese (1912), London; Dr. G. Vissering, On Chinese 

 Currency (1912), Batavia; China Mission Year Book, 3rd year, Shanghai; C. Campbell Brown, 

 A Chinese St. Francis (1912), London. (H. T. MONTAGUE BELL.) 



DENMARK 1 



Economic Progress. In 1911 the census population of Denmark, with an area of 

 14,829 sq. m., was 2,757,076, as against 2,449,540 in 1901 and 2,588,919 in 1906. 

 The annual average increase since 1906 has been 1.27%. The capital, Copenhagen, 

 has 559,502 inhabitants, more than all the other Danish towns put together.. The 

 population of Iceland, with area of 40,437 sq. m., was 85,089 in 1911 against 78,489 

 in 1901. 



In Greenland, with an inhabited area of 45,000 sq. m., the population numbered 

 13,517 in 1911, 393 Europeans, as against 11,893 an d including 272 in 1901. The 

 three West Indian Islands of St. Thomas, St. Croix and St. Jan, with a total area of 138 

 sq. m., had a population of 27,104 in 1911 against 30,527 in 1901; and the Faeroes, with 

 an area of 511 sq. m., advanced from 15,230 inhabitants to 18,005. 



The area cultivated in Denmark is close on five million acres (4,850,000 in 1908), the 

 value of the harvest of 1910 being 30,555,000, and in 1911 37,338,900. The stock of 

 domestic animals amounted in 1909 to 535,000 horses, 2,254,000 heads of cattle and 1,466,800 

 pigs, besides 11,800,000 fowls. The value of agricultural exports in 1910 was 24,294,000, 

 and of agricultural imports 10,878,000; for non-agricultural articles imports were valued 

 at 20,788,000 and exports at 2,372,000; the corresponding figures for 1911 being 

 26,574,500, 12,130.900, 22,497,700 and 3,239,300. 



The sugar beet industry shows rapid growth, the production in 1910 being about 100,500 

 tons and in 1911 116,150 tons, and several new sugar factories have been planned or have 

 actually started working during the last few years. The small-holding movement continues 



1 See E. B. viii, 23 et seq. 



