FRANCE 1003 



combine to form associations. Most of them gave in, but a few refractory teachers 

 came before the courts (Oct. 1912). 



The Confederation generate du travail, or " C.G.T." as it is often called, after encour- 

 aging and sometimes directly citing to riot, softened its tone, when it was discovered 

 that many minds were alienated by its violence, and that new recruits were not coming 

 in. It resolved, by a manifesto of August 1912, to break both with the Socialist party 

 in Parliament and with anti-militarism or Herveism (so-called after the name of its 

 founder). 1 The Havre Congress (Sept. 1912) proclaimed the autonomy and 

 independence pf syndicalism and emphasized the revolt against "the politicians." 

 Syndicalism was now divided into two camps, the Reformistes, who believed in State 

 intervention, arid the Revolutionnaires, who wanted to abolish the authority of the 

 State. Anti-militarism as such had decidedly fallen off. 



At the end of the year political interest centred in the forthcoming election of a new 

 President of the Republic, and it was announced that M. Poincare, the Premier, would 

 be a candidate. He was eventually elected just after the New Year, M. Briand 

 becoming Prime Minister. 



,. jvr.f: Obitudry. 



ipio. During this year the following deaths occurred, in addition to those noted in "the 

 E. B. while it was passing through the. press: The Due D'ALENCON (b. 1844), son of the 

 Due de Nemours (E. B. xix, 37ib); he left a daughter, Louise, who married Prince Alphonso 

 of Bavaria, and a son, Emmanuel, Due deVendome, married to Princess Henrietta of Bel- 

 gium. LEON Aucoc (b, 1828), a well-known jurist, and member of the Institute. HENRI 

 BARBOUX (b. 1834), a distinguished advocate,- and member of the Academy. L. A. BOUR- 

 GAULT-DucoUDRAY (b. 1.840), the composer and historian of music, author of the opera 

 Thamara and professor .at the Conservatoire. The Due DE CHARTRES (b. 1840), son of 

 Ferdinand, Due d'Orleans (E. B. xx, 283); he had fought in the war between Austria and 

 Italy, the American Civil War, and the Franco-Prussian War, and had published Souvenirs 

 de Voyage (1869) and Leltres el recits de Campagne (1889-90); he left a son, the Due de Guise, 

 captain in the Danish army. EMILE CHEYSSON (b. 1836), a well-known engineer and social- 

 economist, member of tho Institute, EDOUARD COLONNE (b. 1838), the orchestral conductor. 

 LEOPOLD DELISLE (b. 1826), the eminent bibliophile and historian (E. B. vii, 964). 

 EMMANUEL FREMIET (b.. 1824), the famous sculptor (E. B. xi, 96). HENRI HARRISSE (b. 

 1830), a learned student of early American exploration, author of Christophe Colomb (1884) 

 and other works. Father M.- J. H. OLLIVIER (b. 1835), a Dominican preacher who for 

 twenty years held the most important positions in Paris. JULES RENARD (b. 1864), a writer 

 who was a member of the Academie des Goncourt. ALBERT VANDAL (b. 1853), the historian, 

 author of Napoleon et Alexandre I, VAvenement de Bonaparte, etc. 



1911. During this year the following persons died, whose biographies (as living in 1910) 

 are given in the E. B. HENRY HOUSSAYE (b. 1848; d. Sept. 23), the historian (E. B. xiii, 

 828a). PIERRE-EMILE LEVASSEUR (b. 1828; d. July 9), the economist and geographer 

 (E. B. xvi, 505). TONY ROBERT FLEURY (b. 1837; d. Dec. 8), the painter (E. B. xxiii, 403). 

 MAURICE ROUVIER (b. 1842; d. June 7), the statesman (E. B. xxiii, 781). FELIX F.. G. 

 ZIEM (b. 1821 ; d. Nov. 1 1), the painter (E. B. xxviii, 979). ALFRED LEON GERAULT-RICHARD 

 (b. 1860; d. Dec. ; 6) r , : the journalist and deputy (E. B. xi, 766). AUGUSTE MICHEL-LEVY 

 (b, 1844; d. Sept. 21 ), the geologist (E. B- xvi, 519). 



. Some further details may be added concerning others of historical interest who died in 

 1911: AUGUSTE ANGELLIET* (b, 1848; d. Mar. i), the poet, professor of literature at Lille, 

 was the author of a critical Life of Robert Burns and of several volumes of verse, A ramie 

 perdue, le Chemin des saisons, Dans la lumiere antique etc. HENRI MAURICE BERTEAUX 

 (b. 1852), War Minister in the Cabinet of M. Monis, who was killed on May 2ist by the. fall 

 of an aeroplane, had become Republican deputy for Versailles in 1893, and was leader of the 

 Radical-Socialist group; he had been War Minister under M. Combes in 1904 and under 

 M. Rouvier in 1905. EDOUARD BORNET (b. 1828; d. Dec. 17) was an eminent botanist who 

 devoted himself to scientific research, working at first on fungi and later on lichens and algae 

 (E. B. i, 59Oc; xvi, 578d; and xxvi, Sggc). He was elected a member. of the Academie des 

 Sciences in 1886, and received the gold medal of the Linnean Society in 1891. General 

 JEAN JULES BRUN (b. 1849; d. Feb. 23) was War Minister in 1909-11; he introduced various 

 important reforms in the army, notably in the pay of the officers, and the development of 

 military feducation. Baron CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE (b. 1832; d. Oct. 9) was a grandson 

 of the Vendeean general who became famous in the rising of 1793 and was finally shot in 

 1796; he commanded the Papal Zouaves at Rome (1860-70), and took a brilliant part in the 

 Franco-German War at the battle of Patay (Dec. 2, 1870) at the head of a volunteer regiment 

 recruited from them. ODILON MARC LANNELONGUE (b. 1840; d. Dec. 21) was President 



See E. B. x, 887. 



