FRANCE 1005 



VApdtre (1903), Le Printemps (1907), etc. PAUL EMILE (FRANCOIS) LECOQ DE BOISBAUDRAN 

 (b. 1838; d. May 31), the chemist, made his mark in 1875 as the discoverer of gallium. 

 Among his decorations was the Davy medal of the Royal Society. JULES JOSEPH LEFEBVRE 

 (b. 1836; d. Feb. 24), the portrait painter, had been a professor at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, 

 and was a member of the Institute (E. B. xx, 5033). CHARLES LOYSON (better known as 

 Pere Hyacinthe), the famous preacher (b. 1827; d. Feb. 9), was educated for the priesthood 

 and entered the Carmelite order. His eloquence drew all Paris to his Advent sermons in 

 Notre Dame between 1865 and 1869, but his orthodoxy fell under suspicion, and in 1870 he 

 associated himself with Dollinger's protest against the dogma of papal infallibility (E. B. 

 xiv, 5i2b; and xx, 67d). Being excommunicated he broke finally with the Church of Rome, 

 and removed first to Geneva and then to London. He married an English lady, Emily 

 Jane Merriman, and settled in Paris in 1877, where he founded a Gallican Church on Prot- 

 estant lines. FREDERIC PASSY (b. 1822; d. June 12), was a well-known economist and 

 "pacifist." He was a nephew of the economist Hippolyte Passy, Finance Minister to Louis 

 Philippe and to Louis Napoleon's Republican Government. Under his uncle's influence 

 Frederic devoted himself to economic studies, and to that end gave up the appointment as 

 Auditor of the Conseil de Droit, which he had held 1846-49. In 1860 he began to teach 

 political economy both in Paris and in the provinces. His first work on the subject, Melanges 

 economiques, appeared in 1857. True to his Republican principles he refused to be reconciled 

 to the Second Empire, and remained, therefore, ineligible for any Government post. He 

 was an ardent free-trader and an admirer of Cobden. In 1867 he founded the Ligue Inter- 

 nationale de la Paix, afterwards known as the Societe Francaise pour 1'Arbitrange entre 

 Nations, and for the rest of his life he devoted himself to the promotion of international 

 peace. From 1881 to 1899 he was Deputy for the Seine Department. In 1901 he received 

 the Nobel Prize, sharing it with M. Dunant. His published works include De la Propriete 

 Intellectuelle (1859), Lemons d'economique Politique (i 860-61), Le Democratic et I' Instruction 

 (1864), L'Histoire du Travail (1873), Malthus et sa Doctrine (1868), La Solidarite du Travail 

 et du Capital (1875), and Le Petit Poucet du icjieme Siecle George Stephenson (1881). L. A. 

 THEODORE-RIVIERE (b. 1857; d. Nov. 1912), sculptor, studied first at his native town Tou- 

 louse and afterwards in Paris under Falguiere and Mercie. He worked chiefly on statuary 

 in miniature, using bronze and stone, ivory and marble, and ivory and onyx as materials 

 (E. B. xxiv, 5iob). 



French Colonies. 



The census returns for 1906 give the total population of the French colonies as 

 46,125,510. The trade returns for 1910 amounted to 48, 981,000, the total imports being 

 22,390,000, and the exports 26,586,000. The colonial debt is 24,000,000. 



The whole organization of the Colonial Office was changed by the decree of May 

 20, 1911, which swept away the old, practically independent, divisions called Directions, 

 and substituted for them nine departments (Services): i. Indo-China, 2. Indian Ocean 

 3. Western and Equatorial Africa, 4. America and Oceania, 5. Audit Department, 6. 

 Staff, 7. Penal Settlements, 8. Military Department, 9. Colonial Administration. A 

 loth department, Secretary's Office and General Control, keeps them all in touch. 



Algeria. 1 In 1906 the population was 5,231,000. The trade ' returns of 1910 reached 

 a total of 40,040,000, of which 20,320,000 were imports and 19,720,000 exports. The 

 budget of 1911 provided for a revenue of 5,782,000. 



Trade has been interrupted three times by strikes of the "inscrits maritimes." Two 

 took place in the spring of the years 1909-10 respectively, and one in the summer of 1912. 

 A delicate political problem arose out of the Ouenza question. For some ten years past 

 the colony in general, and the Constantine region in particular, have been clamouring to 

 begin working the Ouenza iron mines, which are expected to yield considerable profits. 

 But for a long while past the Chamber of Deputies has kept on putting off the consideration 

 of the railway scheme on which the working of the mines depends. There was a lively debate 

 upon it on January 2ist and again on March 23 and 26, 1910; then the matter was shelved 

 again. The house was afraid of foreign interference in the affairs of the company applying for 

 the concession. Loud complaints were made in Algeria of the delays in getting the matter 

 settled, and of the ways in which colonial expansion was being hampered by a paternal 

 government at home. At representative meetings resolutions were passed m favour of 

 administrative and financial autonomy for Algeria. The natives, on the other hand, com- 

 plain that they are put under an official despotism. The better educated among them want 

 guarantees and the exercise of certain political rights. Others, making up their minds to 

 exile, betook themselves to Syria. The welcome they received there was not very encourag- 

 ing, and the authorities succeeded in stopping emigration. Discontent was further increased 

 when the decree of February 3, 1912, came into force, making natives liable, to a very slight 



1 See E. B. i, 642 et seq. 



