FRANCE 1007 



up communication between the coast and the high tableland of the interior where the popula- 

 tion is massed, and a perfect economic revolution has been made by the facilities offered 

 for the export of heavy products such as rice and manioc. In 1908 the railway from Atana- 

 narivo to the coast brought down only 4,700 tons of merchandise; in 1911 it carried 34,000. 

 The internal traffic, amounting in value to 800,000 at the outset of the French annexation 

 had grown to 3,732,000 in 1911. 



Indo-China. 1 Population (1906), 16,300,000. Trade returns for 1911: imports 9,760,- 

 ooo (an increase of 213,000 on 1910); exports, 10,000,000 (a.decrease of 1,621,000). 



The condition of the natives is a pressing question. High-handed official methods, the 

 brutality of certain colonials, have largely alienated the people. Unmistakably hostile 

 feeling has been shown over and over again. Administrative reform has been hastened 

 on by the discussion of statements made by M. Violette (deputy for Eure-et-Loir) whose 

 speeches, though not always couched in measured language, have at least succeeded in goad- 

 ing the government into taking action. Excessive centralization and conflicts between 

 local and central authorities have been remedied by decrees passed on October 20, 1911. 

 The supervision and control of the civil services is left as before to the Governor-General. 

 All staff appointments are made by him (except one who is nominated by the central govern- 

 ment), and all communications to the staff are made through him; but each local Governor 

 or Resident Superieur has all the general services of his district under his own direction, 

 with authority over the whole local staffs. Certain financial reforms were likewise made. 

 M. Sarraut succeeded M. Klobukowski as Governor-General on May 9, 1911. 



The rice harvest of 1911 was not very good, but industrial enterprise is flourishing at 

 Tonking. The last section of the Yun-nan railway was opened on April I, 1910. 



The Antilles. Population (1906), Guadaloupe 2 and its dependencies, 182,238; Mar- 

 tinique, 3 182,024. Trade returns in 1910: Guadaloupe and its dependencies, imports 672,- 

 poo (an increase of 104,000 over the imports of 1909); and exports, 962,000 (being an 

 increase of 498,000 over the preceding year). Martinique: imports, 782,000 (an increase 

 of 136,000 over those of 1909), exports, 1,103,000 (or 219,000 more than in 1909). 



Political strife, inflamed by hostility between the white and coloured populations, is 

 unfortunately giving trouble in the islands, especially in Guadaloupe. Economic develop- 

 ment is hampered by the customs tariff. The protectionist tariff, passed in France in 1892, 

 being applied in the colonies, keeps foreign goods out of the local market, and impoverishes 

 the budget for the benefit of French manufacturers. At a colonial congress (Congres des 

 anciennes colonies) held at Paris in October 1909, it was shown that reform was needed in a 

 system which had been thrust upon the colonies without consulting them. 



New Caledonia. 4 Population (1906): 13,000. Trade returns in 1910: exports, 507,000 

 (or an increase of 130,000 on the previous year); exports, 389,000 (an increase also of 

 80,000 over 1909). The colony has just weathered a serious economic crisis, further 

 aggravated by the administrative system. Excessive centralization is a burden to the 

 inhabitants, who in 1909 took the initiative in starting local self-government. Things have 

 gone better since then, and various industries have been started copper and nickel mines, 

 blast-furnaces, electricity, and perfumery. 



Authorities. The following recent books may be specially mentioned, for information 

 on contemporary France, (i) General Politics: J. Bourdeau, Entre deux servitudes; J. C. 

 Bracq, France under the Republic; A. Cheradame, La Crise franqaise; P. Deschanel, L 'Organ- 

 isation de la democratic; G. Hanotaux, Le democratic et le travail; L. Hosotte, Histoire de la 

 troisieme republique; H. Leyret, La tyrannic des politiciens, and La Republique et les politicens; 

 A. Millerand, Politique de realisation; Col. Rousset, Histoire generate de la France sous la je. 

 republique; E. Villey, Les perils de la democratic fran^aise; E. A. Vizetelly, Republican France. 

 (2) Social Questions: H. Clement, La depopulation en France; Ch. Dawbarn, France and 

 the French. (3) Economics: A. Arnaune, Le Commerce exterieur et les tarifs de douane; 

 M. Auge-Laribe, devolution de la France agricole; Ch. Augier et A. Marvaud, La politique 

 douaniere de la France; V. Cambon, La France au travail; J. Busquet, Les fonctionnaircs et la 

 lutte pour le droit; M. Caudel, Nos libertes politiques; H. Chardon, Le pouvoir administratif; 

 Ch. Georgin, Le statut des fonctionnaires ; Ch. Lallemand, Reorganisation administrative; 

 E. Maitre, Organisation municipale de Paris. (4) Electoral Reform: E. Flandin, La repre- 

 sentation proportionnelle; G. Lachapelle, La representation proportionnelle en France et en 

 Belgique. (5) Labour Questions: G. Deherme, La crise sociale; S. Finance, Les syndicats 

 professionals devant les tribunatix et le parlement; Ch. Franck, Les Bourses du travail et la 

 C.G.T.; ]. Jaures, L 'organisation socialiste de la France; A. Lambert, Le mouvement social 

 en France; M. Leroy, Syndicats et services publics; P. Louis, Le syndicalistne centre VEtat; 

 D. Masse, Les retraites ouvricres te paysannes; A. Pawlowski, La confederation generale du 

 travail, and Les syndicats jaunes; E. Pothcmont, La legislation des retraites ouvricres et pay- 

 sannes; G. Salaiin, Les retraites ouvrieres et paysannes; G. Wcill, Histoire du mouvement social 

 en France. (6) Religious Questions: E. Dufeuille, L'antidericalisme avant et pendant 

 notre Republique; A. Mater, La politique religieusc de la RcpubUque franqaise; J. de Narfon, 



1 See E. B. xiv, 490 et seq. 3 See E. B. xvii, 80 r. 



2 See E. B. xii, 645. See E. B. xix, 468 et seq. 



