GERMANY 1009 



and 10.3, respectively. The chief foci of population in these provinces are Berlin (and 

 environs) and the industrial district of the Ruhr basin; out of twenty towns with popula- 

 tion exceeding 10,000 and returning the greatest increase per cent six are suburbs of 

 Berlin and seven are in the Ruhr district. The city of Berlin, however, returned an 

 increase of only 1.5 per cent, and it is clear that the process of decentralisation is at 

 work here. Outside Prussia the maritime towns of Hamburg, Bremen and Liibeck show 

 notably large proportional increases, but in general the greater divisions of Germany do 

 not show such large increases as the three Prussian provinces mentioned. 



The kingdom of Saxony is the most densely populated of the larger divisions, but out of 

 the twelve towns which showed descreasing populations, four were in that kingdom. The 

 smallest proportional increase is found in Upper Alsace and in the eastern and north-eastern 

 parts of Prussia, as in East Prussia and Pomerania, from which there is a large movement 

 to other parts of the kingdom. The total number of towns with populations exceeding 

 10,000 was 281 in 1910, and 48 exceeded 100,000, these last containing in all a population of 

 13,823,348. The average increase of population in the 281 towns has declined from 17.2 

 in 1900-05 to 15.05 in 1905-10. The birth rate of Germany in 1910 was 30.7 per thousand 

 and the death rate 13.1. The birth rate declines, and the continued increase of population 

 is attributed mainly to the fall in the death rate and also to the decrease in emigration, for 

 the number of native emigrants in 1911, namely 22,690 (equal to 0.35 per thousand of the 

 population) was the smallest proportion recorded in twenty years. Of the total, 18,900 

 emigrated to the United States and 3,428 to other parts of America. The highest proportion 

 of emigrants was from Bremen, Oldenburg, Hanover and Schleswig-Holstein. The mar- 

 riage rate per thousand in 1910 was 7.7. The total number of foreigners in Germany in 

 1910 was 1,259,873, including 634,983 Austrians, 144,175 Dutch, 137,967 Russians, 104,204 

 Italians, 19,140 French, and 18,319 British. 



Towns. The population in 1910 of a number of the chief towns, arranged territorially 

 and including the capitals (mentioned first in each case) of the principal divisions, was as 

 follows. Alsace-Lorraine: Strassburg 178,891, Miilhausen 95,041; Metz 68,598; Colmar 

 43,808. Anhalt: Dessau 56,605. Baden: Karlsruhe 134,313, Mannheim 193,902, Frei- 

 burg-im-Breisgau 83,324, Heidelberg 56,016. Bavaria: Munich 596,467, Nuremberg 333,142. 

 Augsburg 1 113,415, Wiirzburg 84,496, Regensburg 52,624. Bremen: Bremen 247,437, 

 Bremerhaven 24,165. Brunswick: Brunswick 143,554. Hamburg: Hamburg 931,035. 

 Hesse: Darmstadt 87,089, Mainz 110,634. Lippe: Detmold 14,295. Liibeck: Liibeck 

 98,656. Mecklenburg-Schwerin: Schwerin 42,519, Rostock 65,383. Oldenburg: Oldenburg 

 30,242. Prussia (towns exceeding 100,000 inhabitants): Berlin (stadt) 2 2,071,257, Aachen 

 (Aix-la-Chapelle) 156,143, Altona 172,628, Barmen 169,214, Bochum 136,931, Breslau 

 512,105, Charlottenburg 305,978, Cologne 516,527, Danzig 107,337, Dortmund 214,226, 

 Duisburg 229,483, Diisseldorf 3 358,728, Elberfeld 170,195, Erfurt 111,463, Essen 294,653, 

 Frankfort -on-Main 414,576, Gelsenkirchen 169,513, Halle 180,843, Hamborn 4 101,703, 

 Hanover 302,375, Kassel 153,196, Kiel 211,627, Konigsberg 245,994, Krefeld 129,406, 

 Magdeburg 279,629, Miilheim 112,580, Posen 156,691, Rixdorf 5 237,289, Saarbriicken 8 

 105,089, Schoneberg 5 172,823, Stettin 236,113, Wiesbaden 109,002, Wilmersdorf 5 109,716. 

 Reuss Younger Line: Gera 49,276. Reuss Elder Line: Greiz 23,245. Saxe-Altenburg: 

 Altenburg 39,976. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha: Coburg 23,789, Gotha 39,553. Saxe-Meiningen: 

 Meiningen 17,131. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Weimar 34,582, Eisenach 38,362, Jena 38,- 

 487. Saxony: Dresden 548,308, Leipzig 589,850, Chemnitz 287,807, Plauen 121,272. 

 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt: Rudolstadt 12,937. Wurttemberg: Stuttgart 286,218, Ulm 56,109. 



Agriculture, etc. The principal crops (in tons) in 1911 were: rye, 10,866,116; oats, 

 7,704,101; wheat, 4,066,335; barley, 3,159,915. All except oats show a marked increase 

 over the figures for 1910, a feature which has been generally characteristic of recent years. 

 The area under the vine, on the other hand, decreased gradually but steadily from 1906 

 to 1911, being 272,000 acres in the latter year. In Alsace-Lorraine 46.8 per cent of the total 

 area is under cultivation, and 2.3 per cent under vineyards, the highest proportion in any 



1 Since Jan. I, 1911, however, Augsburg has included the Landgemeinde of Pfersee. 



2 This figure represents an increase of only 1.5 per cent in the preceding quinquennial 

 period, and the process of decentralisation referred to above in dealing with the popula- 

 tion generally is further illustrated by the population of "Greater Berlin," which in 1910 was 

 3,712,554, showing an increase of 24 per cent. The centre of business activity extends gradu- 

 ally westward from Leipziger-strasse to Potsdamer and even Tauentzin-strasse. Com- 

 munications have been improved and extended. The underground railway runs west- 

 ward to Reichskanzler-platz and Wilhelm-platz and a line is under construction from Nol- 

 lendorf-platz southward to Schoneberg. Motor-omnibuses have recently been introduced. 



3 An important industrial and art exhibition was held in Diisseldorf in 1912. 



4 Created a Stadtgemeinde (municipality) on April I, 1911. 

 6 Suburbs of Berlin. 



6 Malstatt-Burbach and St. Johann are now united with Saarbriicken. 



