GERMANY 



Table IV. 



Railways open for traffic in 1910 amounted to 36,681 miles, of which only 2.286 were 

 under private companies, the rest being under state management. In 1910, 531,528,000 

 tons of goods, including animals, w.ere conveyed by railways/yielding 95,160,000; and the 

 number of passengers carried was 1,541,000,000, yielding 41,800,000 (as against 35,450,000 

 in 1906). The new tariff which came into force on May I, 1907 has had the effect of largely 

 increasing the use of the cheapest (4th) class of accommodation by passengers, the receipts 

 for this class having risen from 8,940,000 in 1906 to 14,960,000 in 1910. 



Finance. For the financial year ending March 31, 1912 the imperial revenue and expendi- 

 ture each amounted to nearly 160,000,000. The imperial funded debt at the end of 1911 

 amounted to 227,831,670. The budget for the financial year beginning April I, 1912 

 estimated the] revenue and expenditure at 144,306,755 (ordinary 137,583,100; extraor- 

 dinary 6,723,655). 



In certain of the more important territorial divisions of the empire the total budget 

 figures for 1911 were as follows, in 00,000, the public debt in each case being put within 

 parentheses: Baden, 12,8 (28,0); Bavaria, 35,9 (100,0); Bremen, 2,5 (13,0); Brunswick, 1,5 

 (2,5); Hamburg, 8,5 (35,8); Hesse, 5,0 (22,0); Mecklenburg- Schwerin, 2,3 (7,1); Oldenburg, 

 2,1 (3,7); Prussia, 204,3 (476,o); Saxony, 21,0 (44,0); Wiirttemberg, 13,9 (30,0). 



Army. The peace strength of the army in 1912 was 656,144, including 27,000 officers 

 and 90,000 non-commissioned officers. The total expenditure on the army amounted to 

 40,800,000 during the financial year 191 1-12, and was estimated at 42,400,000 for 1912-13. 

 By a law of March 27, 1911, and a supplementary law of June I, 1912, the peace -strength 

 of the army was to be increased annually until in 1915 its total strength should reach 

 544,221, exclusive of officers. Prussia and the smaller states will supply 420,939, Bavaria 

 60,351, Saxony 41,625 and Wiirttemberg 21,296 men. The divisions will include 651 infan- 

 try battalions, 516 cavalry squadrons, 633 field artillery battalions, 48 foot artillery battal- 

 ions, 33 pioneer battalions, 18 communication units and 25 train battalions. 



Navy. The active naval personnel in 1912 was 64,500, including 3,300 officers. Total 

 expenditure in 1911-12 was 22,900,000, and was estimated at 22,609,540 in 1912-13. . The 

 following statement is given of the number of warships on April I, 1912: Linienschiffe, 

 32; Ktistenpanzerschiffe, 8; Grosser Kreuzer, 18; Kleine Kreuzer, 41 ; Kanonenbodte, 9; Schul- 

 schiffe, 8; Spezialschiffe, 14. There are also about 150 smaller vessels (torpedo boats, etc.) 

 for high-sea service and 40 for coast and harbour work, together with 16 submarines. 



Education and Science. The following figures show the attendance at the eleven largest 

 universities during the winter half year 1911-12: Berlin 9,829, Miinchen 6,797, Leipzig 

 5,170, Bonn 3,998, Halle 2,879, Breslau 2,702, Gottingen 2,505, Freiburg 2,466, Heidelberg 

 2,231, Strassburg 2,138, Miinster 2,126. The Friedrich Wilhelfn University at Berlin cele- 

 brated its centenary in 1910. Including the university at Miinster, the number of German 

 universities is twenty-one, but at Mtinster the full faculty of medicine is not yet established. 

 A technical high school was opened at Breslau by the Kaiser on November 29, 1910, and the 

 number of such schools is now eleven. In Berlin the Kaiser Wilhelm Association for the 

 Advancement of Science was instituted on January n, 1911, and in the same year a large 

 building was completed for the Royal Library, in Unter den Linden near the university. 

 In Heidelberg a new Academy of Science was founded, in July 1909! In Hamburg an 

 institute for tropical diseases was opened in April 1910 and a mineralogical and geological 

 institute in December, and in October of the same year the new geological department of 

 Baden was opened in Freiburg, replacing the former establishment in Karlsruhe. 



Religion. According to the census of 1910 there were 39,991,421 (61.6%) Evangelical 

 Protestants; 23,821,453 (36.7%) Roman Catholics; 283,946 (0.4%) other Christians; 615,021 

 (1.0%) Jews; 208,014 (-3 %) other sects; 6,138 (0.0%) unclassified. The proportion per 

 cent of Roman Catholics was highest in Alsace-Lorraine, 76.2; Baden, 59.3; Prussia, 36.3; 

 Hesse, 31.0; Wiirttemberg, 30.4. In all the other great divisions the proportion of Protest- 

 ants is upwards of 90 per cent; in Bremen it is 87 per cent, and 82 per cent in Berlin, where 

 the Roman Catholics number 12 percent and Jews 4.5, the last being more numerous there 

 than elsewhere in the Empire. (L. MECKING; O. J. R. HOWARTH.) 



