GERMANY 1023 



E. B. xviii, 93ib), on July i. FRIEDRICH VON SPIELHAGEN (b. 1829), the novelist (see 

 E. B., xxv, 66yb; and xi, 6i6d), at Berlin on February 25. KARL HERMAN FRITZ VON 

 UHDE (b. 1848), the painter (see E. B. xxvii, 5630), at Munich on February 26. Prominent 

 politicians also passed away in PAUL SINGER, the Socialist leader (b. 1844; d. January 30); 

 and MAX LIEBERMANN VON SONNENBURG, the pan-German and leader of the anti-Semitic 

 party (b. 1859; d. September 18). The deaths also may be mentioned of JOSEF UPHUES, 

 the sculptor (b. 1850; see E. B. xxiv, 5013), on January i; GEORG JELLINEK, the jurist 

 (b. 1852; see E. B. xv, 315), on January 12; ALBERT LADENBURG, the chemist (b. 1842), 

 on August 22; HUGO VON TSCHUDI, art director at Munich (b. 1851), on Nov. 24; and 

 the archaeologists, OTTO PUCHSTEIN (b. 1857) on March 10, and KEKULE VON STRADONITZ 

 (b. 1839), on March 23. 



During 1912 the deaths occurred of the following who have "living" biographies in 

 the E. B. RICHARD ANDREE (b. 1835), the geographer and ethnologist (see E. B. i, 971), at 

 Leipzig on February 22. JUSTUS SOPHUS FELIX DAHN (b. 1834), the historian, jurist and 

 poet (see E. B. vii, 734b), at Breslau on January 3. THEODOR GOMPERZ (b. 1832), the 

 philosopher and classical scholar (see E. B. xii, 23Oa), at Baden, on August 29. For LUITPOLD, 

 Prince Regent of Bavaria (E. B. iii, 55od), who died Dec. 12, see above. 



Among German public men most importance however attaches to Baron ADOLF MAR- 

 SCHALL VON BiEBERSTEiN, the eminent diplomatist, who died at Badenweiler on September 

 24, 1912. He was born at Carlsruhe on October 12, 1842, his father, Augustus, Baron 

 Marschall von Bieberstein, being Chamberlain to the Grand Duke of Baden, and his mother 

 before her marriage Baroness von Falkenstein. He was educated at the gymnasium of 

 Frankfort-on-Main and at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. He studied law and 

 from 1871 to 1882 held various administrative offices in the Grand Duchy of Baden. From 

 1875 to 1883 he sat in the Upper Chamber of the Baden Diet. In 1883 he was sent to Berlin 

 as Minister for Baden in the Federal Council, and from 1884 to 1890 he represented the 

 Council in the Imperial Insurance Office. In 1890 he succeeded Count Herbert Bismarck as 

 Secretary for Foreign Affairs under the Caprivi Chancellorship, and continued to hold that 

 office under Prince von Hohenlohe (see E. B. xi, 892c); but he had incurred the enmity of 

 Prince Bismarck by refusing his advice when he first assumed office, and the result was a 

 fierce press campaign against him which finally obliged him to speak out when he appeared 

 as a witness at the trial of certain journalists in 1896 for lese-majeste. He was also violently 

 opposed by the Agrarians because he advocated the reduction of corn duties, and in 1897 he 

 resigned office, and a few months later was appointed German Ambassador in Constantinople. 

 There he remained for nearly fifteen years, creating a commanding position for himself and 

 a growing ascendency in Turkish affairs for his Government. To him was largely due the 

 promotion of the Bagdad railway (see E. B. iii, I97b, xxvii, 439c). In general European poli- 

 tics Baron Marschall had taken during his Foreign Secretaryship a strongly Imperialist 

 attitude. After the Jameson raid and the Emperor's telegram to President Kruger, it was 

 he who declared in the Reichstag that the maintenance of the independence of the Boer 

 republics was a German interest. He was also an advocate of a strong naval policy for 

 Germany. In 1907 he was principal German delegate in the Hague Conference. In May 

 1912 his appointment to succeed Count Wolff-Metternich as Ambassador to Great Britain 

 raised great expectations as to the influence of his personality on Anglo-German relations, 

 but he had only been installed a short time before his health finally broke down. Another im- 

 portant loss to German public life came in the death of ALFRED VON KIDERLEN-WAECHTER 

 (b. 1852, d. Dec. 30, 1912), the Foreign Minister. He was born at Stullgast, the son of 

 Robert Kiderlen, a banker, and Baroness Marie Von Waechter. He fought as a volunteer 

 in the Franco-German War, then studied at the universities, and in 1879 entered the Foreign 

 Office. He held various diplomatic posts, finally going to Bucharest in 1900 and remaining 

 there for ten years, when he became Foreign Secretary. 



Other well-known men who died in 1912 may be more briefly mentioned: 



OTTO BRAHM (b. 1856), director of the Lessing Theatre, Berlin, died on November 28. 

 He was one of the founders of the Independent Theatre, and took the leading part in 

 producing the plays of Ibsen and Hauptmann. 



JOHANN HEINRICH BURCHARD (b. 1852), Chief Burgomaster of Hamburg, died at Ham- 

 burg on September 6. He served in the Franco-Prussian War, and afterwards studied 

 law, becoming Doctor of Laws in 1874. He entered the Lower House of the Hamburg par- 

 liament in 1884 and the Senate in 1885. From 1887 to the time of his death he represented 

 Hamburg on the Federal Council of the Empire. In 1903, 1906, 1908, 1909 and 1912 he was 

 1st Burgomaster of the city. 



ANTON HUBERT FISCHER (b. 1840), Cardinal and Archbishop of Cologne, died at Neu- 

 enahr on July 30. For nearly twenty-five years he gave religious instruction at Essex 

 Gymnasium, obtaining his doctor's degree at Tubingen University. In 1902 he was appointed 

 Archbishop of Cologne, and was made a Cardinal by Leo XI 1 1 in the following year. In 

 1909 he presided over the Eucharistic Congress at Cologne. A most notable feature of his 

 policy was his steady support of the "Christian Trade Unions" (see E. B. xxvii, I47b), powerful 

 unsectarian organisations of labour, largely managed by laymen, and distrusted in some 

 quarters as too independent of Vatican control. 



