I034 BULGARIA 



Communications. In 1911 there were 945 miles of railways open for traffic. The mer- 

 chant navy of Greece has largely increased during the last few years, and in 1911 included 

 348 steamers of 383,446 tons, and nearly 1000 sailing vessels of about 200,000 tons. In 

 1911, 2727 vessels of 3,797,997 tons entered the port of Piraeus, which has some three-fifths 

 of the total shipping of Greece. Several improvements have been carried out here. Two 

 new dry docks have been built, the quays have been reconstructed to give them a depth of 

 28 feet, and several jetties have been prolonged and widened. A new quay for the Piraeus- 

 Larissa railway was in 1912 under construction. Improvements have also been carried 

 out at several other ports. During 1912 the government proposed to spend about 600,000 

 for harbour improvements and for building roads. (O. BRILLIANT.) 



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BULGARIA 1 



According to the census taken on December 31, 1910, Bulgaria had a population of 

 4,329,108 inhabitants, showing an increase of 293,533 inhabitants over that of 1900. 

 Of these 3,203,810 were Bulgarians, 488,010 Turks, 98,004 Gipsies, 75,773 Rumanians, 

 63,487 Greeks, 37,663 Jews and 68,828 of other nationalities. The census population 

 of the principal towns was: Sofia, 102,769; Philippopolis, 47,929; Varna, 41,317; Rust- 

 chuk, 35,823; Sliven, 25,141; Plevna, 23,081; Shumla, 22,197; Stara-Zagora, 21,947;. 

 Tatar-Pazarjik, 18,081; Dobritch, 17,156; Vidin, 16,473; Yamboli, 15,954; Vratza, 15,179; 

 Haskovo, 15,095; Burgas, 5,008; Sistova, 13,063; and Trnovo, 12,625. 



Education. In 1909-10 there were 3786 elementary schools with 8697 teachers and 

 430,011 pupils; and 474 secondary and special schools with 2352 teachers and 67,801 pupils* 

 In 1910-11 the University of Sofia was attended by 1673 students. 



Finance. The estimated revenue for 1911 was 7,137,000^ and for 1912, 7,543,000. 

 The estimated expenditure for 1911 was 7,135,000; and for 1912 7,462,000. The budget 

 of 1911 however closed with a surplus of nearly 500,000. 



For IQII the chief branches of expenditure were: Public Debt, 1,617,000; War, 1,585,- 

 ooo, or about 23 per cent of the whole budget; Public Works, 1,215,000; Public Instruction 

 944,000; and Ministry of the Interior, 418,000. At the beginning of 1912 the debt con- 

 sisted of 24,240,000 consolidated debt and 1,900,000 floating debt. In the autumn of 

 1912 a new loan of 7,200,000 was under consideration. 



Army. Before war broke out in October 1912, the Bulgarian army was already 

 highly thought of in military circles. Service was obligatory for Christians from 20 to 

 46 years old, with certain exemptions, or from 17 in war time; the annual recruit contin- 

 gent being 26,700, of whom 17,000 went to the infantry. Service with the colours was 

 for two years in the infantry, and three in other arms; in the reserve of the active army, 

 18 years for infantry and 16 for other arms, with a fortnight's annual training; in the 

 militia ist ban, infantry 3 years, other arms 4, with one to three weeks annual training; 

 2nd ban, 3 years all arms, with 3 to 7 days training. The peace establishment was 

 60,000, organized in 9 divisions of 2 brigades of 2 regiments each, the units being 36 infan- 

 try, 1 1 cavalry, 9 artillery, and 3 mountain artillery regiments, 3 fortress artillery bat- 

 talions of engineers. The total war strength was estimated at 400,000; it was calculated 

 that a first line of 200,000 to 250,000 with 700 guns was available, besides 18 reserve 

 regiments, 36 battalions ist ban militia, 36 half-battalions 2nd ban. The infantry were 

 armed with the Mannlicher 8-cm. 1895 magazine rifle; cavalry with swords (lances for 

 certain regiments) and 1890 Mannlicher carbine; artillery with Maxim machine-guns, 

 shielded Schneider-Canet field-guns, and Creuzot i2-cm. howitzers. 



Agriculture. Agriculture forms the chief ordinary occupation of fully five-sevenths of 

 the population. Of the total area of 23,797,000 acres, 7,731,000 are under crops and grass, 

 1,576,000 arable land not cultivated, and 7,602,000 under woods and forests. The area 

 under the chief crops and their yield in 1910 were: 



About 200,000 acres are under vineyards, and 18,000 acres under rose gardens, attar 

 of roses being an important manufacture. The value of the cereal crops harvested during 

 1910 amounted to 15,500,000. The harvest of 1910 was good and that of 1911 still better. 



1 See E. B. iv, 774. 



