In 1905 there were 1,695,533 cattle, 476,872 buffaloes, 8,130,997 sheep, 1,384,116 goats, 

 465,333 pigs, 538,271 horses, 124,080 asses, and 11,947 mules. 



Industries. Native industries, though in an early stage of development, have shown a 

 steady progress both in number and efficiency. Their growth has been fostered by a high 

 protective tariff and by the law for encouragement of native industries which grants them 

 custom exemptions and special railway rebates. In 1909 there were 256 factories in opera- 

 tion, representing a capital of 2,500,000 and an annual output of nearly 3,000,000. Amongst 

 these were 6 1 textile factories whose annual output exceeded 650,000; 98 foodstuffs factories 

 including flour-mills, breweries, and distilleries; 22 tanneries; 16 metal works; 25 chemical works, 

 including those producing attar of roses, soap, and explosives; 18 Woodwork factories; and 3 

 paper mills. Sugar refineries have recently been established. 



Trade. The Imports were valued in 1910 at 7,093,000, and in 1911 at 7,894,000; 

 the Exports in 1910 at 5,164,000, and in 1911 at 7,385,000. 

 : The following table shows the trade with the principal countries: 



In 1910 the chief articles of import were: cottons, 1,975,000; iron, 931,000; machinery, 

 791,000; leather, 367,000; coal, 132,000. The chief exports were: wheat, 1,500,000; 

 maize 539,000; live stock, 292,000; attar of roses, 231,000, and hides and skins 154,000. 



A better idea of the expansion and the possibilities of Bulgarian trade may be obtained 

 perhaps from a comparison of the total triennial figures for 1902-4, 1905-7, and 1908-10: 



Of the total imports during 1902-10, Austria-Hungary supplied rather over 25 %, the British 

 Empire 16.6 %, Germany 16.7 %. Nearly a third of the total was done, however, with Turkey, 

 Servia, Greece and Montenegro. Belgium took the largest share of exports, 22 %; the British 

 Empire coming next with rather over 14%. . 



Railways. In 1911 Bulgaria had 1270 m. of railways open for traffic, while nearly 200 m. 

 were under construction, the most important being the line from Mezdra to the port of 

 Vidin. Several other lines haye been surveyed and orders given for construction. These 

 include lines from Sofia to Karloyo, and thence to Sliven with a branch from Karlovo to 

 Philippopolis;' from Nikopolis to Plevna and from Plevna to Gabrovo; from Yamboli to 

 Kizil Agatch, not far from the Turkish frontier; and from Silistria to Kaspitchan. 



Harbour Improvements. Large sums of money have been spent for the improvement of 

 the harbours of Burgas, Varna, Rustchuk and Vidin, and a new harbour was in 1912 shortly 

 to be constructed at Lorn on the Danube. In 1910 6838 vessels of 1,990,000 tons entered 

 and 6820 of 1,988,000 tons cleared at the Black Sea ports, and 10,092 vessels of 1,905,000 

 tons entered and 10,078 of 1,903,000 cleared at the Danube ports. (O. BRILLIANT.) 



RUMANIA 1 



The estimated population in 1911 was 7,086,000. There were 299,867 births, 179,072 

 deaths, and 74,550 marriages. The excess of births over deaths 120,795 was the 

 highest ever recorded. The country is essentially agricultural, and the fine harvests of 

 1909, 1910, and 1911 were accompanied by a great development of trade and industry, 

 and by extensive building of public works. Numerous banks and other financial institu- 

 tions were founded in these years, while all the older institutions increased their capital. 

 An insurance law has been adopted against sickness, accidents, and invalidity, which 

 combines the principles of the German and English laws. 



1 See E. B. xxiii, 827. 



