1036 



RUMANIA 



Education. According to a special census return taken in 1909, 60.16 per cent of the 

 population over 7 years of age could neither read nor write. In 1909-10 there were 5074 

 elementary schools with 7780 teachers, and 584,935 pupils. The number of children of 

 school age was 938,456. In 1907-08 there were 57 secondary schools with 1034 teachers 

 and 15,71 1 pupils, while 9585 pupils attended other technical and special schools. In 1909-10 

 the university of Bucharest was attended by 3398 students, and that of Jassy by 920. 



Finance. The estimates of 1911-12 balanced at 19,136,000 revenue and expenditure, 

 and those for 1912-13 at 20,225,000. But the budget of 1911-12 closed with a realised 

 surplus of over 4,000,000. The chief branches of estimated expenditure in 1912-13 were: 

 Army, 2,977,000; Worship and Public Instruction, 1,928,000; Interior, 3,833,000; Finance, 

 8,280,000; and Justice, 441,000. The public debt amounted to 63,068,413 on March 31, 

 1911, and the charge for interest and redemption to 3,544,180. 



Army. By a law passed in 1910 the time of active service was fixed at 2 years in the in- 

 fantry and 3 years in the other services. The army was organized in 5 complete army corps 

 -a new army corps having been created in the Dobrudja with headquarters at Constanza 

 and 2 cavalry divisions. In 191 1 the peace strength of the army was 4495 officers and staff, 

 93,644 men, 20,839 horses, and 460 guns. The effective war strength was reckoned at 

 7600 officers, 280,000 men and 650 guns. 



Agriculture. Of the total area of 32,153,600 acres, 14,909,802 acres were under cultiva- 

 tion in 1911; 1,297,400 acres fallow lands; 2,504,600 acres pastures; 1,213,000 acres mead- 

 ows; 456,500 acres vineyards and orchards, and 6,935,000 acres under forests. 



The figures for area (in 1000 acres) of the chief crops and their yield (in 1000 bushels) 

 in 1911 were: Wheat, acres 4825, yield 90,827; Maize, acres 5213, yield 107,288; Barley, 

 acres 1268, yield 25,348; Oats, acres 1003, yield 25,411; Rye, acres 329, yield 4835; Sugar 

 Beet (1910), acres 32, yield 303,184 tons; Plums (1910), acres 182, yield 5,838,026 cwts.; 

 Vineyards, acres 2 13, yield 2 1, 868,000 gallons. The value of all agricultural products in 1910 

 and 1911 amounted to 52, 185,000 and 55,766,000 respectively. 



Special efforts have been made during the last few years to develop sericulture, but with- 

 out much success. In 1911, 34,651 persons were engaged in sericulture, and the production 

 of silk cocoons was 386,800 Ibs. 



Minerals. Although the petroleum industry is of recent development, Rumania already 

 ranks fourth among the petroleum-producing countries. In 1910 and 1911 the production 

 amounted to 1,352,407 tons and 1,544,072 tons, as compared with 250,000 in 1900. The export 

 from the refineries amounted to 585, 862 tons in 1910, and 679,399 tons in 1911. The capital 

 invested in petroleum undertakings up to 1910 amounted to 15,000,000. 



In 1912 the government decided to build a pipe-line for the transportation of petroleum 

 from Baicoi in the Prahova district, where the principal wells are now worked, to the seaport 

 of Constanza. Provisions were also made for connecting other districts by branches. 



In 1910 the output of salt was 126,607 tons. 



Trade. -The imports were valued at 14,732,000 in 1909, and 16,388,000 in 1910; 

 the exports at 18,602,260 in 1909, and 24,660,000 in 1910. 



The following table shows the trade with the principal countries: 



In 1910 the chief articles of import were: cottons, 2,648,000; woollens, 1,450,000; 

 silk goods, 601,000; metals and metalware, 3,959,000; machinery, 1,569,000; carriages, 

 451,000; chemicals and medicines, 331,000; leather and leather goods, 597,000; gar- 

 ments, millinery and fancy goods, 829,000; rubber and rubber goods 302,000. The chief 

 articles of export were: grain (wheat, maize, flour, etc.), 19,590,000; vegetables and seeds, 

 1,390,006; timber, 1,098,000; petroleum and products, 1,556,000; cattle, 238,000; 

 hides and skins, 119,000; wool, 92,000. 



Communications. In 1912 Rumania had 2230 m. of state-owned railways, and about 

 200 m. of privately-owned railways. 



In 1911 the merchant navy consisted of 572 vessels of 167,511 tons, of which 94 vessels 

 of 22,893 tons were steamers. 



In 1910, 36,737 vessels of 11,028,482 tons entered, and 36,729 vessels of 11,058,707 tons 

 cleared at all the Rumanian ports, and of these 2761 vessels of 3,504,342 tons entered and 



