SERVIA I037 



2750 vessels of 3,514,487 tons cleared at the seaports. Of 1307 vessels of 2,274,493 tons 

 which left the Danube (at Sulina) in 1910, 461 vessels of 1,039,493 tons were British.. 



Among works lately undertaken to develop the seaport of Constantza are the construc- 

 tion of a slip for ships, opened in 1912; the addition of 8 petroleum reservoirs, and the build- 

 ing of three grain elevators Great works have been started for improving the accommoda- 

 tion of the Danubian ports of Galatz and Braila. 



See H. Le Pointe, La Roumanie Moderne (Paris, 1910). (O. BRILLIANT.) 



SERVIA 1 



Acccording to the census taken on December 31, 1910, Servia had a population of 

 2,911,701, showing an increase of 417,931 over that of 1900. Of the total population 

 2,528,819 lived in the country and only 382,882 in towns. 



The census population of the chief toivns was: Belgrade, 90,890; Nish, 24,949; Kraguye- 

 vats, 18,452; Leskovats, 14,236; Pozharevats, 13,411; Shabats, 12,100; Vranya, 11,439; and 

 Pirot, 10,737. 



Education. In 1909 there were 1296 elementary schools with 2584 teachers and 138,434 

 pupils, and 20 secondary schools with 393 teachers and 7317 pupils. In 1910-11 the univer- 

 sity of Belgrade was attended by 1025 students. 



Finance. The estimated revenue for 1911 was 4,805,458, and for 1912 5,230,588; 

 Expenditure (1911) 4,803,262, (1912) 5,230,588. The budget of 1911 however closed 

 with a surplus of 400,000. The chief branches of expenditure in 1912 were: Public Debt, 

 1,299,248; Army, 1,181,102; Public Works, 731,692; Public Instruction, 331,125; 

 Ministry of the Interior, 196,593; Ministry of Justice, 121,476. On January I, 1913, the 

 public debt amounted to 26,362,240.: 



Agriculture. Of the total area of 11,930,740 acres, about 4,750,000 acres are under 

 cultivation, and over 3,800,000 acres are forests. The following are the figures for the 

 principal crops in 1911 for area (in 1000 acres) and yield (in 1000 cwts): Maize, area 1492, 

 yield 13,000; Wheat, area 971, yield 8000; Barley, area 275, yield 3000; Oats, area 242, yield 

 1500; Rye, area 116, yield 750; Potatoes, area 30, yield 1500; Plums (1910), area 375, yield 

 6000; Vineyards (1910), area 87, yield 310 (1000 gals.) About 32,000 persons are engaged 

 in sericulture, and the export of silk cocoons was valued at 35,224 in 1910. On December 

 31, 1910 there were 957,918 heads of cattle; 3,808,815 sheep; 627,427 goats; 863,544 P'gs; 

 and 152,617 horses. 



Trade. A comparison of the total ^triennial figures for 1902-04, 1905-07, and 1908-10 

 shows the progress of Servian trade: 



1902-4 1905-07 1908-10 



Imports '.",.. .'.:''.'. 6,569,000 6,821,000 9,196,000 



Exports. .. : . / '. 1' ." ! . 7,770,000 9,004,000 10,626,000 



14,339,000 15,825,000 19,822,000 



The imports were valued at 2,941,403 in 1909 and 3,387,826 in 1910; the exports at 

 3.7I9- 2 70 in 1909. 3.935.521 in 1910, and 4,676,640 in 1911. 



The following table gives the trade with the principal countries: 



Austria-Hungary during 1902-10 provided 40 per cent of the total Servian imports, and 

 took nearly half the exports, but the tariff war which began in 1908 greatly affected the trade 

 with the Dual Monarchy. The exports from Austria-Hungary greatly diminished while 

 those from Germany showed considerable increase. A new commercial treaty with Austria- 

 Hungary came into force in 1911. 



Army. Since 1908 great efforts had been made to increase the efficiency of the army. 

 Under a system of obligatory service., the forces consisted in 1912 of an active army, organ- 

 ised in three bans, ana a militia for home defence. The active army represented a peace 

 footing of 34,000, but on a war-footing it was expected that 215,000 could take the field. 

 The infantry were armed with the Mauser 1900 rifle (2d ban, Koka Mauser 1880; 3rd ban, 

 Berdan); and the artillery were equipped with the Schneider 1908 Q.F. field-gun. 



1 See E .B. xxiv, 687. 



