I04 * ITALY 



included. His successor was the Dutch-Indian, Major H. Colijn (b. 1869), who had 

 only been a member of the Second Chamber for a short time. A revised labour bill 

 of considerable importance was passed in 191-1; it protects the labour of young persons 

 from 13 to 17 years old and of women. There was also passed a stone-cutters' bill, 

 for the protection of men working in that trade. 



Political interest during the first half of 191.1 centred in the reform of the suffrage. 

 The Social-democratic Labour party, together with the Liberal-democratic league, or- 

 ganised a petition for extending the franchise, which was signed by 317,522 persons, 

 115,000 of whom were women. On September 19, the day of the opening 

 of the States- General, a procession of 20,000 men and women took it to the minister 

 for home affairs. During this year the militia bill already mentioned was also intro- 

 duced into the chambers, and after prolonged discussion it was passed, as was also the 

 'bill for raising officers' pay. In 1912 a bird bill was passed which made it possible 

 for Holland to join the convention of Paris, and also a bill (Bouwwet) which allowed 

 important subsidies for the building of private sectarian schools. On May 7 

 the naval minister, Jan Wentholt (b. 1851), left the cabinet, his bill for the building 

 of an ironclad of 7,000 tons for the defence of the Dutch Indies having been rejected; 

 and the naval department and the war department were temporarily combined in one 

 office. A new copyright bill was passed in 1912, as a consequence of Holland's joining 

 the convention of Bern. 



Obituary. During 1911 two eminent Dutchmen died, JOSEPH ISRAELS (b. 1824; d. 

 Aug. 12), the painter (see E. B. xiv, 885), and J. H. VAN'T HOFF (b. 1852; d. March i), 

 the physicist (see E. B. xxvii, 896). The deaths may also be mentioned, during 1911, of 

 PIETER CORNELIUS TOBIAS SNELLEN, the entomologist (b. 1834; d. March 29); J. C. DE 

 MAREZ OIJENS, Minister of Waterways and Railways (b. 1845; d. Aug. 3); and JONKHEER 

 P. J. SWINDEREN, jurist and vice-president of the Council of State. 



Bibliography. J. van Baren, Staringh's bodem van Nederland (2nd ed., Amsterdam, 1908 

 ff.); A. A. Beekman, Het Dijk-en Waterschapsrecht in Nederland voor 1795 (2 volumes, The 

 Hague, 1907); Stubmann, Holland und sein Hinterland (Jena, 1901); K. Menne, Die Entwick- 

 lung der Niederldnder zur Nation (Halle A. S., 1902); Oudemans, Onze Flora (Zutphen, 1900); 

 H. C. Diferee, De Geschiedenis van den Nederlandschen Handel (3 parts, Amsterdam, 1907- 

 1908), and Studien mer de geschiedenis van den Nederlandschen Handel (Amsterdam, 1908); 

 P. J. Blok, Geschiedenis van net Nederlandsche Volk (8 volumes, Groningen, 1892-1908, 2nd 

 edition since 1912); H. Smissaert, Nederland in den aanvang der twintigste eeuw (Leyden, 

 1911), Jaarverslag der Rijksopsporing van Delfstoffen (6 volumes, Amsterdam, 1906-1912), 

 Tijdschrift van het Kon. Ned. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Verhandelingen van het Geo- 

 logisch Mijnbouwkundig genootschap voor Nederland en Kolonien, statistics about agriculture, 

 cattle-breeding, horticulture, fishery, trade, etc., published by government; H. Blink, 

 Nederlandsch Oost en West-Indie (2 volumes, Leiden, 1905-1907), D. van Hinloopen Lab- 

 berton, Geillustreerd Handboek van Insulinde, (Amsterdam, 1910); H. Colijn, Nederlands 

 Indie (2 volumes, Amsterdam, 1911-1912). (H. ZONDERVAN.) 



ITALY l 



Population. According to the provisional results of the census of June 10, 1911, 

 the total resident or " legal " population of Italy was 35,959,077, and the' actual popu- 

 lation 34,686,683. The increase in the actual population since 1901 was therefore 

 2,211,430, or 6.6 per cent. The compartments showing the highest rate of increase are 

 Liguria (10.7 per cent), Lombardy (11.4) and Venetia (12.1), the provinces showing the 

 highest rate being Milan (19.2), Treviso (18.6), and Naples (17.1). The only com- 

 partments showing a decrease are Abruzzi and Molise (0.9) and Basilicata (3.5), but three 

 provinces in Campania show a slight loss, owing to emigration, while Messina (which 

 suffered from the earthquake of December 1908) has a decrease of 5.1 per cent. 



The actual communal populations of towns over 100,000, with the increase or decrease 

 per cent since 1901, were as follows: Naples, 723,208 (+27.4); Milan, 599,200 (+20.8); 

 Rome, 538,634 ( + 15.9); Turin, 427,733 (+26.5); Palermo, 341.656 ( + 10.0); .Genoa, 

 272,077 ( + 15.4); Florence, 232,860 (+9.0); Catania 211,699 (+40.4); Bologna, 172^639 

 ( + 1.3.1); Venice, 160,727 (+-7); Messina, 126,172 ( 15.3); Leghorn, 105,322 (+6.9); 

 Bari, 103,522 (+32.5). Foggia, 76,534, shows an increase of 42.6 per cent. The rate of 

 increase in the towns is thus considerably higher than in the country as a whole. 



1 See E. B. xv, I et seq. 



