io48 ITALY 



decrease in the Ginnasi and Licei since 1902, but a much greater increase in the technical 

 schools and institutes, as regards both schools and scholars. The 33 Scuole Normali or 

 training schools for male students had 2,663 pupils in 1909-10, as against 2,484 in 1908-9; 

 while those for female students, 102 in number, had 29,792 pupils (exclusive of those not on 

 Government footing, of which there were 142, with 3,371 students). The total attendance 

 of students at the higher universities and institutes appears to be practically the same as in 

 1902 (about 28,000). Law, engineering, and economics and commerce show an increase; 

 medicine and surgery and the professional diploma in pharmacy a decrease; while philosophy, 

 mathematics and agriculture show little change. 



Antiquities and Fine Arts. There has been considerable activity in excavation all over 

 Italy. In Rome itself important work has been done in the further investigation of the 

 lower strata of the buildings on the Palatine; the baths of Caracalla and Diocletian have 

 been further studied. In the Lucus Furrinae, where Caius Gracchus met his death, remains 

 of a sanctuary of various Oriental deities have been found; and numerous minor discoveries 

 have been made in the course of building operations. At Ostia, near Rome, the work of 

 laying bare the remains of the ancient seaport town is being resumed on a large scale, with 

 interesting results. The excavation of Cumae, Paestum and Pompeii is proceeding, and at 

 the last named special care is being taken to preserve the remains of the upper stories, which 

 had balconies and pillared openings, so that the town did not present that monotonous 

 appearance hitherto attributed to it. Among the works of art which have passed into the 

 State Collections may be noted the so-called ' Maiden of Antium' and a fine statue of Au- 

 gustus, while a splendid statue of a daughter of Niobe found in Rome in 1906 is now in Milan. 

 Numerous prehistoric cemeteries and other objects and buildings have been found all over 

 the country. A number of provincial picture galleries have been reorganised (at Bergamo, 

 Prato, etc.). The publication of a new list of national monuments (Elenco degli Edifici 

 Monumentali) was begun by the Ministry of Public Instruction in 1911. 



Rome. 1 Municipal Administration in Rome was in 1912 still in the hands of the coalition 

 (the so-called 'blocco'), with Sig. Ernesto Nathan, the Syndic, at their head. The Munic- 

 ipality has started its own system of tramways and its own electric power and lighting works, 

 and will take over those already existing, constructed by private companies. Other com- 

 panies run electric trams to the Alban Hills from Rome, and to Civita Costellana, north of 

 Rome (to be extended to Viterbo). The embankment of the Tiber is now practically com- 

 plete; no serious floods have occurred since 1900. The death rate was 16.21 per 1,000 in 

 1911. Malaria in Rome is now unknown, and in the Campagna and the Pomptine Marshes 

 it is decreasing rapidly. 



A new station has been opened in the Trastevere quarter, on the right bank, close to the 

 new railway bridge over the Tiber. The transformation of Rome into a modern city is 

 proceeding apace; the exigencies of traffic are continually calling for the widening of the 

 streets, and the city seems destined to lose much more of its picturesqueness. 



The enormous monument to Victor Emmanuel on the Capitoline Hill was inaugurated 

 on June 4, 1911. As a whole, it is fine; but it does not combine well with its venerable 

 surroundings as regards either architecture or colour; though it probably gives us a fair 

 idea of what the immense erections of Imperial Rome must have been. It is said to have 

 cost already at least 2 millions sterling, including the cost of the removal and rebuilding of 

 the Palazzetto di Venezia. The Palace of Justice has cost over i millions. The various 

 demolitions in the centre and the growth of population have rendered necessary extensive 

 building of working-class dwellings further out, largely on co-operative principles: while 

 the rich display a tendency to abandon flats in favour of nouses standing in their own grounds 

 in the outskirts. Rents are higher in Rome than in any other city in Italy. 



The architecture of the new quarters of Rome is not remarkable for its taste, though the 

 new Piano Regolatore della Citta di Roma, drawn up in 1908 by Conum E. Sanjust di 

 Teulada (and published in book form under the above title), allows, far better than was 

 ever done before, for the adequate provision of open spaces. One of the most important of 

 these, the so-called Passeggiata Archeologica, is now completed, and important excavations 

 in connexion with it are being made in the Baths of Caracalla, an interesting Mithraeum 

 having been discovered in the subterranean portion, while in the peribolus the libraries 

 connected with the Baths have been found. 



A stadium, a new racecourse and a zoological garden have been added to the popular 

 resorts of Rome. An industrial quarter (new gasworks, storehouses, factories, etc.) is spring- 

 ing up outside Portas Paolo, where a river harbour is being made. There is some talk of 

 making a ship canal from the sea. 



An International Exhibition was held in Rome in 1911, in connexion with the celebration 



1 Recent works on Rome include S. B. Platner, Ancient Rome (ed. ii), Boston, U.S.A. 

 1911; H. Kiepert and Ch. Hiilsen, Formae Orbis Romae Antiquae (ed. ii), Berlin, 1912; L. 

 Hautecoeur, Rome et la Renaissance de V Antiquite a la fin du XVIIIe Siccle (Bibl. des EC. 

 Franc, fasc. 105), Paris, 1912; H. Stuart Jones, Classical Rome, London n. d.; and Companion 

 to Roman History, Oxford, 1912. British School at Rome (ed. H. Stuart Jones) Catalogue 

 of the Sculptures of the Museo Capitolino, Oxford, 1912. 



