ITALY 1049 



of the 5oth anniversary of the foundation of the Italian kingdom. It was divided into four 

 sections 1 the Archaeological, house in the Baths of Diocletian, which illustrated the various 

 provinces of the Roman Empire, 1 the Mediaeval and Historical, in the Castle of S. Angelo; 



1 A restored model of Ancient Rome, by M. Paul Bigot, was also exhibited, 

 the Ethnographical, dealing with the various regions of Italy, at the Piazza. d'Armi; and 

 the International Fine Arts Exhibition, at the Valle Giulia. At this last the British Pavilion, 

 designed by Mr. E. L. Lutyens, contained, besides contemporary pictures, a splendid exhibi- 

 tion of British masters of the i8th and igth cent., and is being reconstructed as the per- 

 manent home of the British School at Rome, which received a Royal Charter in July 1912. 

 The Commissioners of the London Exhibition of 1851 have founded nine scholarships for 

 students of painting, architecture and sculpture. The site has been given by the Munic- 

 ipality of Rome. The Third International Congress of Archaeology and the Tenth Inter- 

 national Congress of the History of Art were held in Rome in October 1912. 



Turin. In connexion with the celebration of the 5Oth anniversary of the proclamation 

 of the Italian kingdom, an international industrial exhibition was held in Turin in 1911. 



Venice. The famous Campanile of San Marco, which fell on July 14, 1902, has been 

 exactly reconstructed, and was inaugurated on St. Mark's Day (April 25th) 1912. 



Italian Dependencies. 



The Italian dependencies Tripoli, Cyrenaica, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, and Benadir 

 have been placed under a Ministry of the Colonies, the first Minister being Signer Bertolini. 



Tripoli. The Italian trade with Tripolitania in 1910 amounted to 128,000 worth of 

 imports out of a total of 477,500, and 176,000 worth of exports, a considerable increase 

 on the figures for 1909 (64.600 and 116,800 respectively). British exports in 1909 were 

 nearly 160,000, and imports in 1910 about the same. Tripoli can now be reached in 48 

 hours from Rome via Syracuse. 



The western frontier of Tripoli (as far as Ghadames) was accurately surveyed for the 

 first time by the Franco-Turkish boundary commission of 1910-11, with the result that the 

 position of Ghadames was shifted some miles to the east of that previously assigned to it. 

 M. Pervinquiere at the same time explored the region from the geological point of view. 

 The most recent maps of Tripolitania (1:400,000) and of Cyrenaica (1:600,000) were pub- 

 lished in 1911 by the Italian Ordnance Survey. 



Italian Somaliland. A minor frontier question which had arisen between Great Britain 

 and Italy owing to the shifting of the mouth of the Juba was settled by the acceptance in 

 1911 by the former of the new mouth as the terminal point of the frontier. A map on the 

 scale of 1:200,000 (1910) is being published by the Italian Ordnance Survey. 



Eritrea. The budget of 1910-11 shows an expenditure of 559,000, of which Italy con- 

 tributed nearly half. In this is included 200,000 for the construction of the railway from 

 Ghinda to Asmara. Another line is to be built from Asmara to Keren. The railways 

 already working earned 12,000 as against 7,480 in the previous year. The military 

 expenses are now only 175,500, while the civil expenditure is 383,600. Products exported 

 from the colony to Italy enjoy preferential duty; the most important are cattle, coffee, 

 wheat and cotton. It has been calculated that Eritrea will be able to produce enough cotton 

 to make Italy independent of American importation, as soon as there are adequate means 

 of transport to the coast. The total external trade is of the annual value of about 700,000, 

 of which a third is with Italy, while India follows with 150,000 worth of imports. A new 

 edition of the map on the scale of 1:100,000 of the whole colony, and a map on the scale of 

 1 :50,ooo of part of the colony, have been published by the Italian Ordnance Survey. 



(T. ASHBY.) 



Political History, igog-igi2. 



The Italian general election of March 1909 had returned a strong majority in 

 favour of Sig. Giolitti, but the Premier found himself confronted with the question of 

 the steamship subsidies, the old agreements with the companies having lapsed. The 

 bill was- defective from various points of view, and the Opposition led by Sig. Sonnino 

 delivered a series of vigorous attacks on the measure, which shook the position of the 

 Cabinet so seriously that Sig. Giolitti deemed it prudent to adjourn the debate until 

 the autumn. Sig. Enrico Ferri, the Socialist leader, whose experiences among Italian 

 emigrants in South America had convinced him of Italy's 'need of a more virile 

 foreign policy, delivered a stirring Imperialist speech in the Chamber on June 22nd, 

 which marked his severance from the Socialist party and the beginning of its collapse; 

 subsequently he declared himself willing to accept a portfolio were it offered to him. 

 In October the Tsar Nicholas of Russia visited King Victor Emmanuel at Racconigi, 

 an event destined to establish that entente between Italy and Russia which was to prove 

 an important feature in the international situation. 



