JAPAN 10S 7 



tion realised a revenue of 7,338,000, and in 1909 the value was 7,759,000. The number 

 employed in this industry in 1908 amounted to 810,717 and no less than 423,403 vessels of 

 the old Japanese type were engaged therein, in addition to 467 sailing vessels and 130 steamers 

 for trawling and whaling. An important recent development in the industry is the use of 

 oil engines for driving the fishing boats and there are stated to be about 1000 engaged in this 

 section of the business. Pelagic Fishery has made great progress in recent years, the value 

 of deep sea catches amounting in 1910 to 864,174. By the Fishery Agreement made with 

 Russia in 1907 the fishing rights of Japan extend as far north as Kamschatka, and the value 

 of catches in these parts has steadily increased. This has been due to a great extent to the 

 introduction of the Pelagic Fishery Encouragement Act, a few years ago. The principal 

 fish caught in Japanese waters are herring, sardine, mackerel, bonito, tunny, grey mullet, 

 salmon, trout and cod, and among marine mammals the whale and seal are extensively 

 caught. Shell-fish of various kinds are also largely produced. An export trade in fish 

 with China has been built up and with Europe and America in fish oil, isinglass, shell buttons, 

 tinned crab, salmon and trout amounting in the aggregate to 1,572,825 in 1910, while the 

 total value of manufactures in these directions amounted in the same year to 4,479,824. 

 Fishery and Marine Products' Guilds have been established to the extent of 3,729. A 

 Fisheries' Institute has also been organised in the capital and similar institutions in the 

 provinces, numbering altogether 38. The largest association connected with this industry 

 is the Dai-Nippon Suisan-Kwai, which receives a special grant from the Government. 



Industrial Employment. The number of operatives employed in different industries in 

 1910 was as follows (l =1000): Textiles 426.0, Machine & Tool Factories 55.5, Chemical 

 Works 65.5, Food & Drink Factories 52.1, Printing & Publishing 19.7, Wood & Bamboo 

 Work 13.3, Electrical 3.0, Metal Refineries 38.4, Mining Manufactures 15.9. The rate 

 of wages markedly appreciated in nearly every industry during 1910-12. 



Tariff. The new Tariff came into force in July 1911. Under this tariff raw mate- 

 rials are admitted, as a rule, duty-free; upon partly manufactured goods the duties im- 

 posed are light, and on manufactured goods the rates vary from 15 per cent to 40 per 

 cent. Duties as high as 50 per cent are levied on articles of luxury as the extent of their 

 importation is very limited. Under the Tariff Convention with Great Britain a guaran- 

 tee was given by which ten principal articles of export from Japan to the former country 

 should be exempt from Customs Duty, while concessions were made in the Japanese 

 Customs Duties upon important British merchandise, including cotton and woollen 

 tissues, mixed tissues of wool and cotton, linen yarns, paints and sheet iron. In the 

 Convention with Germany, in consideration of concessions made on the Customs Duties 

 upon important Japanese products, reductions were made by Japan in the duties on 

 goods from Germany, embracing, leather, salicylic acid, quinine, artificial indigo, coal 

 tar dyes, woollen yarns, mixed tissues of wool and cotton, packing paper, zinc plates and 

 sheets, and gas, oil and hot air engines. In regard to the Convention with France, 

 reciprocal treatment was also arranged, France receiving, in consideration of the applica- 

 tion of the French minimum rates to important Japanese products, reductions on sar- 

 dines in oil, butter, wines, olive oil, perfumery, woollen yarns and tissues, binoculars, 

 automobiles, and parts of knitting machines. 



Railways. Of the 6060 miles of railway, 4870 miles belong to the State, the purchase of 

 which from the original companies was completed in 1909; 484 miles were private lines and 

 706 miles belonged to the South Manchurian Railway Company. For the year 1910-11 

 the number of passengers carried on the various systems was 166,888,048, freight to the 

 extent of 31,718,399 tons, while traffic receipts amounted to 11,213,921. The estimated 

 receipts and expenses for 1912-13 of the Imperial Government Railways are 10,252,244 

 and 9,165,739 respectively, showing a net profit of 1,086,505. A Light Railways Act 

 was introduced in 1910 which removed certain obstacles to the extension of this type of 

 railway, the result being that a considerable impetus was given to their construction. It 

 is anticipated that light railways will now be laid every year to the value of over a million 

 pounds sterling. The private and light railways at the end of 19101-11 numbered 59 having 

 an aggregate capital of 8,096,999. The number of 'passengers carried during the year 

 amounted to 25,909,254, and goods to the extent of 2,314,367 tons, while traffic receipts and 

 expenses amounted to 458,191 and 219,535 respectively. On the South Manchurian 

 Railway the number of passengers carried for the year 1910-11 amounted to 2,349,088, the 

 total amount of goods to 3,922,164, the total receipts to 2,537,917 and the expenditure to 

 2,158,083. There are also 38 electric railway companies having an aggregate capital of 

 8,279,217 with a total mileage of 350, while an additional 150 miles were under construc- 

 tion at the end of 1911. The total extent of projected electric lines was 348 miles, and the 

 Tokyo and Osaka municipalities own 82 miles of tramways open with 71 miles projected. 

 The Kyoto municipality also have 16 miles in course of construction. 



