BRAZIL 1071 



also an Extradition Treaty and a Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Brazil were 

 passed. In April three German officers were engaged to instruct the Army. Colonel 

 Fawcett, British Commissioner, continued his work (commenced in 1910) of denning 

 the boundary with Peru, the undertaking proving of a prodigious nature. Instead of 

 confining his explorations to the rivers, Colonel Fawcett struck inland in order to in- 

 vestigate the rumours that " white Indians inhabit the unexplored regions." 



In March 1912 a Consular Convention with Belgium, a General Arbitration Treaty 

 with Brazil, and a Treaty of Peace with Colombia were promulgated. On August 6, 

 1912, the Arica-La Paz Railway was opened, the Presidents of Bolivia and Chile being 

 present. A discovery of coal near Lake Titicaca was made, which meant a great deal to 

 industrial development of the country, all coal hitherto having been imported from Great 

 Britain or Australia at great trouble and expense. The Republic also celebrated the 

 eighty-seventh anniversary of its Independence on August 6, 1912. On September 23, 

 1912 the Cabinet was further reconstructed after a is-months' existence. 



A monopoly was created (Sept. 10, 1912) in the sale of firearms, ammunition, and 

 explosives, the proceeds being devoted to the purchase of war material and erection of a 

 cartridge factory. 



Jn.'ib.Hj? 'jriij .a-'- ..:; i :'(-: :> otrfai'j ,,; ni!iKji;in:ii; .!'.?!:,>. :TV.' ; : -^ r .. ; ;r-.--, 



BRAZIL 1 



Brazil has an area of 3,218,991 square miles, and the population is 21,461,100 accord- 

 ing to most recent estimates, giving an average of 6.6 inhabitants per square mile. Im- 

 ports were valued at 47,154,000 and exports 62,001,287 (1909-10). Imports from the 

 United States in 1910-11 were valued at $27,240^146 (U.S. currency) and exports to the 

 United States at $100,867,084; in 1911-12 imports at $34,678,081 and exports at 

 $123,881,644. The public debt amounts to 134,833,160 (95,383,120 external, and 

 39,450,040 internal). The mileage of railways is 13,271 and of telegraph lines 72,731. 

 The army has a strength of 31,823 men and 750 officers. The navy comprises 37 vessels 

 with a personnel of 8,500. 



Upon the death (June 1909) of Doctor Alfonso Penna during his term of office (1906- 

 10) as Chief Magistrate, the Vice-President, Senhor Nile Pecanha succeeded to the Presi- 

 dency, and served until the end of the interrupted term (Nov. 1910). The Republic at 

 this time was slowly recovering from the severe commercial depression which had existed 

 for two years. The balance of trade proved to be the greatest ever recorded in the 

 history of the country, and for the first time the aggregate value of imports and exports 

 exceeded the 1,000,000 mark. In other directions Brazil enjoyed peace and progress, 

 twenty-one different Arbitration Treaties being signed in 1909-10, making 28 treaties 

 concluded within a few years, the countries covered including Chile, Argentina, Portugal, 

 France, Spain, Mexico, Honduras, Venezuela, Panama, Peru, Ecuador, Costa Rica, 

 Cuba, Great Britain, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Norway, China, El Salvador, Switzerland, 

 Haiti and the Dominican Republic. On Octobers, 1909, a convention was ratified at 

 Rio between Brazil and the United States, establishing the status of naturalized citizens 

 who renew residence in their country of origin. On April 27, 1910, Congress approved 

 the boundary Treaty between Brazil and Uruguay, drawn up on October 30, 1909, by 

 which the latter country obtained full rights to the navigation of the Lake Mirim, which 

 lies between the two countries, and .also the use of several small islands on the lake. 

 Upon the same date, a treaty was approved with Peru, fixing the boundary between the 

 State of Acre and the river Javary . All rights in this State were, abandoned by Peru ; 

 but Brazil ceded a small portion of adjoining territory rich in rubber, and agreed to 

 expend 2,000,000 upon the construction of a railway to a point whence the rubber 

 could be transported by way of the Amazon River to the markets of the world. 



A payment of $540,000 (108,000) was made to Bolivia in connection with the award 

 of the Commission, given on November 17, 1903. Colonel Fawcett continued his work of 

 defining the boundaries between Brazil and Bolivia, joining his party at Matto Grosso in 

 August, and, after being captured by the Paraguayan revolutionaries, ultimately reached 



1 See E. B. iv, 438 et seq. 



