MOROCCO 1105 



nominated by the Prince. It holds sessions in May and October. The Prince has the 

 power, after consultation with the council of state, to dissolve the national council, but 

 a new election must take place within three months thereafter. All communications 

 from the Prince to the national council must be made through the minister of state. 

 The initiation and sanction of laws, with, certain reservations, are made by the Prince, 

 who legalises each law by the promulgation of an edict; but no direct tax can be imposed 

 without the authority of the national council. The constitution gives full individual 

 liberty; no proceedings can be taken against any person, and no punishment can be 

 inflicted, except in accordance with the law. Property is inviolable, and freedom of 

 education and religion, and the right of public peaceable meeting are assured. 



By the constitution the principality is divided into three communes corresponding with 

 those which already existed, namely, Monaco, the Condamine, and Monte Carlo. A mayor 

 and communal council is established in each. This council consists of nine members 

 elected for three years by universal suffrage with a scrutin de liste. The courts of justice 

 consist of a tribunal of first instance, a court of appeal, and a Conseil de Revision. The 

 constitution does not alter the judicial organisation heretofore existing, as denned by the 

 Edict of May 18, 1909; with the exception that it establishes a supreme court composed of 

 ten members, five appointed by the Prince, one by the council of state, one by the national 

 council, two by the court of appeal, and one by the civil court of first instance. 



A residence of ten years in the principality by a foreigner over the age of twenty-one 

 years, or authorisation granted by the Prince, under Article 13 of the Code Civil, and a 

 residence of three years after the promulgation of the authorisation, is necessary before 

 naturalisation is granted. 



The population of the principality in 1908, the date of the taking of the last census, showed 

 a total of 19,121, including 8,241 Italians; 7,306 French; 516 Germans; 391 Swiss; 385 

 English; 219 Belgians; 210 Austrians; and 1,482 Monegasques. Included in these 1,482 

 Monegasques are 847 naturalised subjects, consisting of 676 of Italian origin, 85 of French 

 origin, and the remaining 86 of various other nationalities. 



It should be noted that there is a large floating population of a heterogeneous character, 

 which annually visits the principality and must be taken into consideration when attempting 

 any calculation as to the actual number of the population. The principality contains 

 1,300 private houses of an approximate value of 177,000,000 francs. This does not include 

 the domain of the Prince. The value of the property not built upon, exclusive of the domain 

 of the Prince, is estimated at 150,000,000 francs. The value of the property of companies 

 authorised to carry on business in the principality, such. as hotels, etc., represented by shares 

 and debentures, in January 1909, amounted to 397,000,000 francs. 



The reigning Prince (b. 1848) is a man of great scientific attainments, and devotes much 

 of his spare time, and a considerable portion of his fortune, to research, especially in oceanog- 

 raphy. He has of late given much attention to aviation, and was the first reigning Prince 

 to make an ascent in an aeroplane. He has initiated great improvements in the principality, 

 more particularly in the founding of the Musee Oceanographique, and the construction of 

 the harbour, which, when completed, will be formed of two stone-built sea walls, making 

 a rectangular water space of approximately 160,000 sq. ft. The south quay is equipped 

 for the handling of merchandise, being connected up with the Paris, Lyons and Mediterranean 

 Railway, while at the quay facing it there is special accommodation for yachts. Recently 

 many of the large Mediterranean liners have made Monaco their port of call, lying off the 

 coast and communicating with the harbour by tenders* 



MOROCCO l 



Recent History. At the beginning of 1910 there seemed to be an opportunity for 

 France to pursue her work of " pacific penetration " in Morocco free at least from 

 internal troubles. Works of public utility were planned, medical services were or- 

 ganised, and a Franco-Algerian school was opened in Fez. Mulai-el-Kebir, a brother 

 of the Sultan and a pretender to the throne, decided upon submission and removed 

 from his place of refuge at Ain-Sidi-Melluk to Fez. The peaceful progress of the 

 country appeared the more likely through the defeat at Tadia (June 1910) of Ma-el- 

 AiEnin. This sheikh and his followers, known as " the Blue men," who came from the 

 Sahara, had greatly troubled the southern borders of the empire, and were bitterly 

 hostile to European influence. Ma-el-Ainin's withdrawal to the Sahara, after his 

 defeat, was followed by his death at Tiznet (Oct. 28, 1910). Another factor which 

 tended towards peace was the settlement during 1910 of the claims made by the suf- 



1 See E. B. xviii, 851 et seq. 



